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Elsa AACN > Ch 5 NP functions and Neurobehavioral disorders > Flashcards

Ch 5 NP functions and Neurobehavioral disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Spearman’s general factor theory states that

A

all abilities share a general factor, g

global IQ can summarize all abilities

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2
Q

Cattell Horn Carroll model

A

Gf-Gc (fluid and crystalized intelligence) by Cattell and Horn
Three Stratum Theory (Carroll)

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3
Q

Howard Gardner

A

theory of multiple intelligence (linguistic, logical-math, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal)

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4
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

developmental disorder
onset before 18
substantially subnormal IQ (> 2SD below the mean)
deficits in 2+ adaptive skills

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5
Q

Savantism

A

individual with ID or ASD has one or more specific or narrow remarkable talent that is in contrast with their ID
exceptional memory, calculation, calendar knowledge, art, language ability

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6
Q

Savantism prevalence

A

6 times more in makes than females

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7
Q

What test measures simple attention

A

digit span, Corsi blocks

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8
Q

What test measures focused attention

A

digit symbol coding

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9
Q

What test measures selective attention

A

cancellation

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10
Q

What test measures sustained attention

A

CPT

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11
Q

What test measures alternating attention

A

Trails B

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12
Q

What test measures divided attention

A

PASAT (paced auditory serial addition test)

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13
Q

Posner and Petersen’s model of attention states that

A

attention is divided into 2 major areas

1) posterior network
2) anterior network

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14
Q

According to Posner and Petersen, Posterior network

A

has to do with orienting and shifting attention

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15
Q

According to Posner and Petersen, Anterior network

A

serves as the detection system (executive attention) and detects stimuli either from sensory events or from memory

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16
Q

Alerting network of attention is subserved by which system?

A

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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17
Q

What is the alerting network of attention?

A

influence both anterior and posterior networks, operates at both high and low levels of arousal

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18
Q

Processing speed is dependent on

A
  • white matter that makes up cortico-cortical connection
  • basal ganglia
  • frontal regions (DLPFC)
  • cerebellum
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19
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) is responsible which type of attention

A

arousal and attention

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20
Q

Anterior cingulate and limbic system is responsible for which type of attention

A

determines saliency and stimuli and associated emotion/motivation

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21
Q

Prefrontal area is responsible for which type of attention

A 
response selection
control
sustained attention and focus
switching
searching
alternating
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22
Q

Orbitofrontal/Ventromedial is responsible for which type of attention

A

inhibition of responses

sustained attention

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23
Q

Dorsolateral Frontal is responsible for which type of attention

A

initiation of responses
sustained attention
shifting attention

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24
Q

Medial Frontal is responsible for which type of attention

A

motivation
consistency of responding
focused attention

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25
Q

Thalamus is responsible for which type of attention

A

sensory relay between subcortical areas and cortex

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26
Q

pulvinar nuclei is responsible for which type of attention

A

extracting info from target location and filtering distraction

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27
Q

superior colliculus is responsible for which type of attention

A

shifting attention

eye movement

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28
Q

inferior colliculus is responsible for which type of attention

A

orientation to auditory stimuli

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29
Q

inferior and posterior parietal is responsible for which type of attention

A

hemispatial neglect and inattention

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30
Q

right hemisphere is responsible for which type of attention

A

spatial attention
appreciation of gestalt
hemispatial inattention and neglect

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31
Q

components of language competence include 4 areas

A

phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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32
Q

how is language different from speech?

A

speech is the physical oral expression of language

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33
Q

etiology of aphasia

A

stroke (40% of patients have some degree of aphasia)
neoplasm
intracranial tumor and infection
brain injury

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34
Q

speech disturbances that are not considered aphasia

A

dysarthria, dysphonia, apraxia of speech

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35
Q

disconnection syndrome is proposed by

A

Geschwind

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36
Q

According to Geschwind, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia are examples of

A

disconnection syndrome - result of lesions interrupting the transfer of info from one neural region to another

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37
Q

spontaneous speech include 2 specific content areas

A

Form

Content

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38
Q

Form of speech

A

form - whether patient’s speech is fluent or nonfluent (examined by effort required to produce speech, rate, melody, length)

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39
Q

Content of speech

A

word choice and syntax

presence or absence of paraphasic errors in spontaneous speech

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40
Q

Describe fluent aphasic speech content

A

word output normal
content not informative
empty meaning

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41
Q

Describe nonfluent aphasic speech content

A

critical words present but in wrong order and wrong grammar

agrammatism/telegraphic speech

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42
Q

Describe fluent aphasic speech form

A

output normal, length normal
articulation and melody normal
speech maybe non meaningful with paraphasia

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43
Q

Describe nonfluent aphasic speech form

A

output diminished, length decreased
laborious articulation
poor rhythm
impaired initiation and impaired grammatical sequence

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44
Q

Comprehension of spoken and written language difficulties

A

Syntactic errors- anterior lesion, disturbed comprehension of phonological, syntactic information

Lexical/semantic errors - posterior lesion, disturbed comprehension of meaningful word sounds to convey meaning

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45
Q

Why is repetition important to be assessed for aphasia?

A

ability to repeat indicates perisylvian language centers are functional

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46
Q

Anomia/Naming difficulties

A

problems naming an object, color, body part, finding words

- harder to localize

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47
Q

Alexia can be seen in isolation without other features of aphasia, true or false

A

True

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48
Q

Aphasic disorders without repetition difficulties are located in which areas?

A

Borderzone language areas

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49
Q

Aphasic disorders with repetition difficulties are located in which areas?

A

Perisylvian areas

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50
Q

Which types of stroke will have a better outcome? Strokes isolated to the cortex OR strokes that include deeper structures?

A

Strokes isolated to the cortex have better outcomes than those including deeper structures

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51
Q

Strokes affecting cortex are less disruptive than those that affect

A

multiple systems needed for normal language (eg. structures that are connected by white matter pathways)

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52
Q

Hallmark of perisylvian aphasia syndromes

A

Impaired repetition

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53
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Broca's aphasia in
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension intact
repetition impaired
naming impaired/limited
reading impaired/limited
writing impaired
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54
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Wernicke's aphaisa:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension impaired
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
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55
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Conduction aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension intact
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading intact
writing impaired
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56
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Global aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension impaired
repetition impaired
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
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57
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Anomic aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech intact empty
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading intact
writing impaired empty
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58
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Subcortical aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading ?
writing ?
59
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical motor aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension intact
repetition intact
naming impaired/limited
reading intact
writing impaired
60
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical sensory aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech intact
comprehension impaired
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
61
Q 
Discuss characteristics for Transcortical mixed aphasia in:
spontaneous speech
comprehension
repetition
naming
reading
writing
A 
spontaneous speech impaired
comprehension impaired
repetition intact
naming impaired
reading impaired
writing impaired
62
Q

Common cause of transcortical mixed aphasia

A

Hypoxic brain injury

63
Q

Common cause of global aphasia

A

entire perisylvian region

occlusion early in the MCA

64
Q

Prognosis for entirely subcortical aphasia is usually

A

GOOD

65
Q

Which part of the brain is usually involved in alexia with agraphia?

A

lesion in the posterior parietal lobe (angular gyrus)

66
Q

Which part of the brain is usually involved in alexia without agraphia?

A

word blindness
lesion in visual word form area
lesion in L occipital area and L adjacent corpus callosum
disconnection syndrome isolating visual from language systems

67
Q

Which part of the brain is usually involved in pure word deafness?

A

damage to both temporal lobes
destruction of L Heschl’s gyrus
damage to white matter tract connecting L Heschl’s gyrus and R auditory association

68
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

inability to recognize the nature of formerly familiar nonverbal acoustic stimuli
intact hearing
intact recognition of speech

69
Q

Agnosia for Sounds

A

inability to recognize meaning of nonverbal environmental stimuli (eg. sound of train, dog bark)
bilateral lesion in primary auditory cortex around Heshl’s gyrus

70
Q

Another term for Agnosia for Music

A

Amusia

71
Q

Agnosia for Music

A

inability to recognize the meaning of musical sounds, rhythm

lesion in R or bilateral temporal lobe

72
Q

Ventral visual processing pathway projects to

A

occipital temporal association cortex

73
Q

Dorsal visual processing pathway projects to

A

parietal occipital association cortex

74
Q

Ventral processing disorder

A

Visual agnosia

75
Q

Dorsal processing disorder

A

Visual processing, spatial analysis impairment

76
Q

Tests to measure ventral visual processing

A

HVOT

picture completion

77
Q

Tests to measure dorsal visual processing

A

JoLO

Block Design

78
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize, identify, or revisualize holistic face representations of familiar or unfamiliar people
right fusiform gyrus

79
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

loss of ability to carry out purposeful movements

visuospatial disorder that signals inability to construct shapes and geometric designs and assemble blocks

80
Q

Dressing Apraxia

A

inability to localize objects in space
inability to dress
a form of constructional apraxia

81
Q

Lesion of Dressing Apraxia

A

Right parietal occipital

82
Q

Spatial analysis is localized to

A

posterior R hemisphere

83
Q

Impairment in location of objects in space

A

unilateral or bilateral occipital parietal junction

84
Q

Achromatopsia is localized to

A

posterior medial region

calcarine cortex

85
Q

Lesion location of spatial Acalculia

A

right parietal

86
Q

Achromatopsia

A

impairment in color perception (see only black and white)

87
Q

Lesion location of Achromatopsia

A

occipital temporal

88
Q

Another word for declarative memory

A

Explicit memory

89
Q

Another word for procedural memory

A

implicit memory

90
Q

Retrograde amneisa

A

amnesia for events prior to accident or illness

91
Q

Ribot’s Law

A

oldest memory is the most resistant to amnesia

92
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to learn or encode new information or form new memories, continuous memory

93
Q

Post traumatic Amnesia (PTA)

A

anterograde amnesia

best indicator or predictor of TBI outcome

94
Q

Functional Amnesia

A

psychogenic amnesia, fugue

psychiatric

95
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

failure to recall autobiographical info from early childhood

96
Q

Transient Global Amnesia

A

hypoperfusion of medial temporal or diencephalic areas
disconnection of lateral and medial limbic circuits
strategic infarction
migraine
ECT
acute onset memory loss that lasts for less than 10 hours
profound anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia
alert and oriented
confabulation

97
Q

Anoxia/Hypoxia

A

damage to medial temporal lobe (CA1 of hippocampus)
insight may be preserved
confabulation not as common

98
Q

ACoA (Anterior Communicating Artery) Aneurysm

A

damage to basal forebrain, striatal, frontal system
disruption of cholinergic neurons that project to medial and lateral limbic circuits
frontal amnesia - confabulation, attention, disorientation, apathy, lack of insight

99
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A 
chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency
diencephalic amnesia
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
proactive interference
temporal order impairment
confabulation
poor insight
gait ataxia, oculomotor palsy, encephalopathy
100
Q

Herpes Encephalopathy

A

infection caused by the herpes virus
affects medial and inferior temporal lobes and amygdala
amnesia, aphasia, agnosia (TRIPLE A!)

101
Q

Surgical Ablation

A

bilateral medial temporal resection for intractable epilepsy
damage to hippocampal, parahippocampal and amygdala damage
preserved insight
not prone to confabulation

102
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Stroke

A

involves medial temporal and posterior occipital lobes

deficits are visual deficits, hemianopic alexia, color agnosia, object agnosia

103
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with motor sequencing?

A

prefrontal

DLPF

104
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with poor directed attention?

A

prefrontal

frontal eye lids

105
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with poor working memory

A

DLPFC

106
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with perseveration

A

DLPFC

107
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with failure to maintain response set

A

Prefrontal

108
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with poor reasoning

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal area

109
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with lack of motivation

A

DLPFC, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate

amygdala

110
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with poor planning and organization

A

DLPFC, orbitofrontal

111
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with impulsivity

A

Orbitofrontal

112
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with emotional lability

A

Orbitofrontal

113
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with utilization behavior/stimulus-bound behavior

A

Orbitofrontal, mesial frontal, anterior cingulate

114
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with Witzelsucht

A

Orbitofrontal

115
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with disinhibition

A

Orbitofrontal

116
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with akinetic mutism

A

Dorsomedial prefrontal/anterior cingulate

117
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with depression

A

damage to the left frontal

118
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with reduplicative paramnesia

A

right posterior parietal

frontal

119
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with capgras syndrome

A

right temporal

bilateral frontal

120
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with anosognosia

A

posterior parietal
frontal
right hemisphere

121
Q

Finger agnosia

A

loss of ability to name or identify the fingers of own hand or other person’s hand
- lesion in left inferior parietal lobe (angular gyrus)

122
Q

Gertsmann syndrome

A

acalculia
right left disorientation
agraphia
finger agnosia

123
Q

Right left disorientation

A

inability to identify R and L side of body of self or others

- lesion of L inferior parietal (angular gyrus)

124
Q

Autotopagnosia

A

the disturbance of body schema involving the loss of ability to localize, recognize, or identify the specific parts of one’s body

125
Q

Somatagnosia

A

cannot recognize one’s body schema

126
Q

Astereoagnosia

A

inability to recognize nature of an object by tactual ability or other physical features such as size or shape
- lesion in posterior parietal lesion

127
Q

Asomatognosia

A

loss of knowledge or sense of one’s body and bodily condition
- lesion in bilateral parietal lobes

128
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to carry out previously learned purposeful, skilled movements
normal motor skills and comprehension of act

129
Q

Location of apraxia

A

lesions near language zone of L hemisphere
L inferior parietal lobule
frontal lobe systems (premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, frontal convexity)
disconnection of corpus callosum

130
Q

Ideational apraxia

A
  • inability to plan, sequence, execute complex gestures (lost the idea behind gesture or use of tool even though knowledge of tool is unaffected)
  • L posterior temporal parietal junction
131
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A
  • inability to perform a skilled gesture with a limb upon verbal command and/or by imitation
  • L inferior parietal lobe
  • supplementary motor area
  • lesion in corpus callosum
132
Q

Limb Kinetic apraxia

A
  • inability to make precise or exact movements with a finger, an arm or a leg
  • pyramidal motor system
133
Q

Apraxia of speech

A

NOT language d/o

impairment in planning the movements needed for speech production

134
Q

Dysarthria

A

disorder of motor coordination

135
Q

Buccofacial Apraxia

A

difficulty performing voluntary skilled motor movements of face, tongue, lips, cheeks on command

136
Q

Gait apraxia

A

loss of normal capacity to use legs appropriately for walking

137
Q

Anosodiaphoria

A

one is aware that they have impairment but show no emotional concern or distress
neglect
R parietal or frontal systems

138
Q

Alexithymia

A

inability to understand, process, or describe one’s own emotions
- R hemisphere

139
Q

Emotional lability localized to

A

orbitofrontal system

limbic system

140
Q

rumination localization

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

141
Q

Pseudobulbar affect

A

damage to upper motor neuron corticobulbar tract and connections to cerebellum

142
Q

Dysphonia

A

A speech disorder involving difficulty in vocalization

143
Q

Hesch’s gyrus

A

aka transverse temporal gyrus
gyrus on the upper surface of the temporal lobe
contains the primary auditory cortex

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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