CH.2 Human Body In Health And Disease (w/ Ventral Cavity) Flashcards
What are atomic reference systems?
Atomic reference systems are used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body.
Ex: right hand is on the right and left hand is on the left
Anatomy is the..
Study of the structures of the body
Physiology is the..
study of the functions of the structures of the body (physi means nature or physical, and -ology means study of).
What is an anatomic position?
Body standing is standard position:
Standing up straight so that body is erect and facing forward.
Holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face toward he front.
What are body planes?
Body planes are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.
The midsagittal plane divides the body into…
Equal left & right halves.
The transverse plane divides the body into…
Superior ↑(upper) and inferior ↓ (lower) portions.
The frontal plane divides the body into …
Anterior or ventral (front) & posterior or dorsal (back) portions.
What is a vertical plane?
An up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.
What is a sagittal plane?
A vertical plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions
What is a midsagittal plane?
Also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
What is a frontal plane?
A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane, located at right angles to the sagittal plane.
What is a horizontal plane?
A flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon.
What is a transverse plane?
A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior (lower) portions. A transverse plane can be at the waist or at any other level across the body.
Ventral refers to..
The front, or belly side, of the organ or body (ventral means belly side of the body, and -al means pertaining to). Ventral is opposite of dorsal.
Dorsal refers to..
The back of the organ or body (dors means back of body, and -al means pertaining to). Dorsal is opposite of ventral.
Body directions: proximal means..
Situated nearest the midline.
Body directions: distal means..
Situated farthest from midline
Body directions: medial means..
Toward or nearer the midline
Body directions: lateral means..
Toward the side & away from the midline.
What does anterior mean?
Anterior means situated in the front. Also means on the front or forward part of an organ (anter means front or before, and -ior means pertaining to).
Posterior means..
Situated in the back. Also means on the back part of an organ (poster means back or toward the back, and -ior means pertaining to).
Superior means..
Uppermost, above, or toward the head.
Inferior means..
Lowermost, below, or toward the feet.
Cephalic means..
Toward the head (cephal means head, and -ic means pertaining to).
Caudal means..
Toward the lower part of the body (caud means tail or lower part of the body, and -al means pertaining to).
Proximal means..
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of body structure. Ex: proximal end of humerus forms part of the shoulder
Distal means..
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of body structure. Ex: distal end of humerus forms part of the elbow
Medial means..
Direction toward, or nearer, the midline.
Lateral means..
The direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Bilateral means relating to, or having 2 sides.
Two major body cavities are:
Dorsal (back) and ventral (front)
The dorsal cavity contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 portions:
Cranial and spinal cavity
What is homeostasis?
The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment (home/o means constant, and -stasis means control)
The ventral cavity is divided into 3 portions:
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic.
The thoracic cavity, also known as the _______ or ______, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
Chest cavity or thorax
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the _______ and ______ cavities.
Thoracic and abdominal
The abdominal cavity contains the major organs of _________. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the ________.
Digestion, abdomen
The pelvic cavity is the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the ________ and ________ systems.
Reproductive and excretory
The term inguinal means…
Relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. (This includes the groin, which is the cease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh).
