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cell bio > ch15 > Flashcards

ch15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many unique cell types in humans are there

A

abt 200

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2
Q

the body begins as…

A

one cell, a zygote

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3
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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4
Q

differentiation

A

a lineage of cells becoming more specialized across generations

occurs over several rounds of stem cell division

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5
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can turn into others

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6
Q

terminally differentiated

A

final cells cannot become another type

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7
Q

what are the different types of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

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8
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

can become about any cell type

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9
Q

adult stem cells

A

specific cell types reside in different organs

replenish organ when cells die
can only make a certain type of cell

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10
Q

main cell type in the nervous sytem

A

neurons

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

recieve info

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12
Q

motor neurons

A

send response out

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13
Q

interneurons

A

relay message from sensory to motor neurons

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14
Q

dendrites

A

projections that receive signals

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15
Q

axon

A

long region that message travels along

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16
Q

myelin sheath

A

coating around axon that speeds up signal

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17
Q

axon terminals

A

branches that connect to the end of next neurons

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18
Q

synapses

A

area where neurons connect

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

small molecules that send message to next neuron

about 60 in humans

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20
Q

action potential

A

signal sent along axon

Na+ and K+

21
Q

what is the myelin sheath made up of

A

lipids and proteins

22
Q

glial cells

A

support cells that take care of neurons

23
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

brain separated from the blood by a barrier of cells

24
Q

what cell type lines the blood brain barrier vessels

A

endothelial cells

tightly packed together

25
Q

function of the blood brain barrier

A

prevent toxins or pathogens from entering brain

26
Q

what cell makes up the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes

27
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

28
Q

why is the pineal gland more susceptible to blood-borne pollutants

A

not protected by BBB

29
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

30
Q

synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses/connection between neurons

31
Q

neurodegeneration

A

death of neurons

32
Q

three layers of the immune system

A

barrier defenses

innate immune system

adaptive immune system

33
Q

what are the barrier defenses of the immune system

A

skin

epithelial cells

endothelial cells

34
Q

barrier defenses

A

protect body from internalization of pathogens

35
Q

innate immune system

A

cells that offer a GENERAL response to pathogens

36
Q

adaptive immune system

A

cells that offer a SPECIFIC response to pathogens

37
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

produced by bone marrow

differentiates into all other immune cells

38
Q

granulocytes

A

first responders that promote inflammation

sense injury/infection and release granules

39
Q

granules

A

group of proteins

40
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophil

basophil

eosinophil

41
Q

macrophages

A

eat and destroy pathogens, damaged cells, or debris

42
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

recognize infected cells and tumors

release cytotoxic molecules to kill cells

43
Q

perforin function

A

cytotoxic molecule that pokes holes in membrane of target cell

44
Q

T cells

A

offer SPECIALIZED recognition of foreign or damaged cells

have a T Cell Receptor on the surface that recognizes antigens

45
Q

B cells

A

produces antibodies that surround and eat target cells

46
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that specifically bind to a target antigen

47
Q

opsonize

A

surround

48
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

49
Q

what filters blood and stores B cells

A

spleen

cell bio (15 decks)

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