ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define parent strands of DNA

A

old strands of DNA

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2
Q

define daughter strands of DNA

A

new strands of DNA

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3
Q

where are DNA strands separated at for DNA replications

A

replication fork

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4
Q

where does DNA replication begin

A

origins of replication

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5
Q

define ORC proteins

A

“origin recognition complex”
binds to origin of replication to begin DNA replication

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6
Q

define helicase

A

protein that unwinds DNA

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7
Q

define single-stranded binding proteins

A

proteins that binds to DNA and keeps two strands separate

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8
Q

define topoisomerases

A

enzymes that relieve the stress on DNA strands
1.) cut DNA
2.) allows strand twisting
3.) they re-ligate DNA

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9
Q

define DNA polymerases

A

enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing DNA chain
1.) reads parent strand
2.) adds complementary nucleotides in order
3.) makes daughter strand

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10
Q

define sliding clamp

A

keeps DNA polymerase from falling off DNA

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11
Q

what direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides in

A

5’ to 3’

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12
Q

define leading strand

A

daughter strand that goes in the same direction as replication fork

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13
Q

define lagging strand

A

daughter strand that does in the opposite direction as replication fork

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14
Q

define okazaki fragments

A

disconnected DNA fragments on lagging strand

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15
Q

define primase

A

enzyme that primes RNA sequence for DNA replication

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16
Q

define exonuclease

A

enzyme that removes incorrectly placed nucleotides and the primer region

17
Q

define DNA ligase

A

enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments together

18
Q

define telomerase

A

adds telomeres to the end of chromosomes

19
Q

types of DNA damage

A

double-strand break
incorrect nucleotide pairing
damage base
intra-strand crosslink

20
Q

define deamination

A

cytosine breaking into uracil

21
Q

define photoreactivation

A

repair process that fixes damaged pyrimidine dimers

22
Q

photolyase

A

light activated repair enzyme involved in photoreactivation

23
Q

what happens in base-excision repair

A

defective base is removed and replaced by enzymes

24
Q

define abasic site

A

sugar phosphate backbone but no base

25
define nucleotide-excision repair
entire nucleotides are removed helicase recognizes damage
26
define excinuclease
enzyme that excises the DNA in nucleotide
27
define translesion synthesis
specialized DNA polymerase that moves past DNA mutation
28
define nonhomologous end joining
DNA ligase repairs ends
29
define homology directed repair
undamaged chromosome is used as repair template