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cell bio > ch 5 > Flashcards

ch 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

DNA used as instructions for RNA
RNA used as instructions for proteins

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2
Q

main steps of trasnscription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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3
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

proteins attach to DNA and open the two strands

transcription factors bind gene at promoter
attracts RNA polymerase

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4
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

new RNA polymer is produced and extended

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5
Q

termination (transcription)

A

RNA molecule gets detached and process is over

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6
Q

promotor region

A

broad term, DNA sequence that shows RNA polymerase where to initiate transcription

contains promoter elements

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7
Q

T/F: different genes have different promoter elements

A

true

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8
Q

promoter elements

A

nucleotide sequence that attracts a specific transcription factor

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9
Q

transcription factors ultimately recruit _______

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

how many RNA polymerases do humans have

A

4

3 in nucleus
1 in mitochondria

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11
Q

function of RNA polymerase

A

transcribe different gene types

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12
Q

what brings RNA Pol II to promoters

A

transcription factors called TFIID
TFIID recruits TFIIB
TFIIB recruits RNA Pol II

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13
Q

function of TFIIH

A

helicase function
opens DNA so transcription can begin

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14
Q

mediator complex

A

multiple proteins
helps hold everything together
helps release RNA Pol II to begin elongation

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15
Q

pre-initiation complex

A

full complex of factors necessary to start transcription
all the components in the circle

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16
Q

what causes RNA Pol II to be released

A

mediator enables RNA Pol II to be phosphorylated

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17
Q

antisense strand

A

template strand of DNA
RNA is complementary to it

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18
Q

sense strand

A

other strand of DNA (not template)
RNA is the same as it

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19
Q

what direction does RNA polymerase add nucleotides

A

5’ to 3’

20
Q

carboxyl terminal region

A

long intrinsically disordered trail on RNA polymerase

21
Q

polyadenylation signal

A

DNA sequence that initiates termination in transcription

21
Q

function of carboxyl region on RNA polymerase

A

platform for other proteins to bind
helps with elongation factors (helps with RNA processing)

22
Q

termination steps

A
  1. Pol II transcribes polyadenylation signal
  2. signal recruits endonuclease
23
Q

exonuclease

A

degrades RNA after polyadenylation signal

during termination of transcription

23
Q

endonuclease

A

enzyme that cuts mRNA in transcription

24
Q

torpedo model

A

exonuclease runs into and detaches polymerase

during termination of transcription

25
Q

T/F: new RNAs must undergo maturation/processing

A

true

26
Q

precursor RNA

A

initial RNA before RNA processing
not ready to do its job

27
Q

mature RNA

A

RNA after maturation/processing
ready to function

28
Q

4 main events of processing mRNA

A
  1. addition of 5’ cap
  2. 3’ polyadenylation
  3. splicing
  4. editing/modification
29
Q

RNA capping

A

inverted guanine added to 5’ end of new RNA
prevents RNA from being degraded by nucleases

30
Q

3’ polyadenylation

A

~200 adenines added to 3’ end of mRNA
helps stabilize mRNA
regulate translation

31
Q

poly-A tail

A

~200 adenines added to 3’ end of mRNA

32
Q

RNA splicing

A

process that removes unnecessary segments

33
Q

introns

A

regions that are removed

34
Q

exons

A

regions that are retained

35
Q

how much of the typical human gene is introns

A

~90%

36
Q

in mRNAs, only _______ will be translated

A

exons

37
Q

alternative splicing

A

exons spliced together in different combinations

38
Q

isoforms

A

different versions of a protein that are produced from the same gene via alternative splicing

39
Q

Dscam

A

gene involved in brain function in drosophila

40
Q

T/F: introns can contain sequences that regulate transcription

A

true

41
Q

spliceosome

A

complex that removes introns
made up of multiple RNA-protein complexes

42
Q

RNA modification

A

some nucleotides are chemically modified

43
Q

another name for RNA modification

A

post-transcriptional modification
influences RNA functions

44
Q

RNA degradation

A

break down of RNA molecules via nucleases

45
Q

how long does an RNA molecule last in cells

A

about 12 hours

cell bio (15 decks)

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