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cell bio > ch 6 > Flashcards

ch 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

promoters

A

specific DNA sequences

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2
Q

activators

A

transcription factors
bind DNA and activate transcription

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3
Q

what are transcription factors

A

proteins that help control the process of transcription

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4
Q

mechanisms of activators

A

recruits RNA polymerase
loosening chromatin
recruiting coactivators

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5
Q

coactivators

A

other proteins that help initiate transcription

they recruit RNA polymerase

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6
Q

repressors

A

proteins that induce transcription

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7
Q

mechanisms of repressors

A

prevent activators from binding
closing chromatin
recruits corepressors

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8
Q

corepressors

A

proteins that help prevent transcription

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9
Q

enhancers

A

DNA regions FURTHER AWAY from transcription start site

brought near promoter using DNA looping

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10
Q

T/F: there are multiple enhancers per gene

A

true

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11
Q

sillencers

A

inhibitory
distant DNA sites that inhibit transcription

recruit repressive transcription factors

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12
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly compacted chromatin

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13
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely compacted chromatin

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14
Q

what controls chromatin compaction

A

chemical modifications of DNA bases
chemical modifications of some histones

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15
Q

DNA methylation

A

methyl groups added to Cytosine
happens mostly at gene promoter

reduces expression of gene region

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16
Q

T/F: methyl groups are nonpolar and hydrophobic

A

true!!!

17
Q

demethylase

A

enzymes that remove methyl groups
reactivates gene region

18
Q

writers

A

enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA

19
Q

readers

A

proteins that binds to histones and influences transcription

20
Q

erasers

A

proteins that remove histone modifications

21
Q

what are the two main RNA categories

A

messenger RNAs
noncoding RNAs

22
Q

microRNAs

A

small RNAs that regulate translation
bind to mRNA and prevent genes from being translated into proteins

23
Q

RISC

A

RNA-induced silencing complex

recruits proteins to degrade mRNA or stop translation from starting

24
Q

T/F: miRNA is complementary to the target mRNA

A

true

25
Q

lncRNA

A

long noncoding RNA
more than 200 nucleotides long

diverse functions
serves as macromolecular scaffold
bind DNA based on complementary base pairing

26
Q

macromolecular scaffold

A

organize proteins around itself to make a complex

27
Q

miRNA sponging

A

lncRNAs contain miRNA binding site
prevents miRNA from binding to mRNA
influences translation of those mRNAs

28
Q

transposons

A

jumping genes
genes that move locations in genome

two types
-DNA transposons
-retrotransposons

29
Q

DNA transposons

A

cut and paste

DNA cut out and placed elsewhere in genome

30
Q

retrotransposons

A

copy and paste

transcribed into RNA
RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA
DNA inserted into other DNA regions

cell bio (15 decks)

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