ch 6

Question 1

promoters

Answer 1

specific DNA sequences

Question 2

activators

Answer 2

transcription factors
bind DNA and activate transcription

Question 3

what are transcription factors

Answer 3

proteins that help control the process of transcription

Question 4

mechanisms of activators

Answer 4

recruits RNA polymerase
loosening chromatin
recruiting coactivators

Question 5

coactivators

Answer 5

other proteins that help initiate transcription

they recruit RNA polymerase

Question 6

repressors

Answer 6

proteins that induce transcription

Question 7

mechanisms of repressors

Answer 7

prevent activators from binding
closing chromatin
recruits corepressors

Question 8

corepressors

Answer 8

proteins that help prevent transcription

Question 9

enhancers

Answer 9

DNA regions FURTHER AWAY from transcription start site

brought near promoter using DNA looping

Question 10

T/F: there are multiple enhancers per gene

Answer 10

true

Question 11

sillencers

Answer 11

inhibitory
distant DNA sites that inhibit transcription

recruit repressive transcription factors

Question 12

heterochromatin

Answer 12

tightly compacted chromatin

Question 13

euchromatin

Answer 13

loosely compacted chromatin

Question 14

what controls chromatin compaction

Answer 14

chemical modifications of DNA bases
chemical modifications of some histones

Question 15

DNA methylation

Answer 15

methyl groups added to Cytosine
happens mostly at gene promoter

reduces expression of gene region

Question 16

T/F: methyl groups are nonpolar and hydrophobic

Answer 16

true!!!

Question 17

demethylase

Answer 17

enzymes that remove methyl groups
reactivates gene region

Question 18

writers

Answer 18

enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA

Question 19

readers

Answer 19

proteins that binds to histones and influences transcription

Question 20

erasers

Answer 20

proteins that remove histone modifications

Question 21

what are the two main RNA categories

Answer 21

messenger RNAs
noncoding RNAs

Question 22

microRNAs

Answer 22

small RNAs that regulate translation
bind to mRNA and prevent genes from being translated into proteins

Question 23

RISC

Answer 23

RNA-induced silencing complex

recruits proteins to degrade mRNA or stop translation from starting

Question 24

T/F: miRNA is complementary to the target mRNA

Answer 24

true

Question 25

lncRNA

Answer 25

long noncoding RNA more than 200 nucleotides long diverse functions serves as macromolecular scaffold bind DNA based on complementary base pairing

Question 26

macromolecular scaffold

Answer 26

organize proteins around itself to make a complex

Question 27

miRNA sponging

Answer 27

lncRNAs contain miRNA binding site prevents miRNA from binding to mRNA influences translation of those mRNAs

Question 28

transposons

Answer 28

jumping genes genes that move locations in genome two types -DNA transposons -retrotransposons

Question 29

DNA transposons

Answer 29

cut and paste DNA cut out and placed elsewhere in genome

Question 30

retrotransposons

Answer 30

copy and paste transcribed into RNA RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA DNA inserted into other DNA regions