ch 14

Question 1

four main stages of the cell cycle

Answer 1

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

Question 2

restriction point

Answer 2

cell decides to enters dormant state G0

Question 3

cell cycle check points

Answer 3

cell cycle is paused to ensure cell is good for the next step

Question 4

where are the DNA damage checkpoints

Answer 4

G1
S
G2

Question 5

spindle assembly checkpoint

Answer 5

M checkpoint

Question 6

cyclins

Answer 6

proteins that move cell from one phase to the next

Question 7

cyclins activate…

Answer 7

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 8

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Answer 8

proteins that phosphorylate and activate other proteins that control cell division

Question 9

what do Cyclin E and Cdk2 do

Answer 9

drive transition from G1 to S phase

Question 10

mitosis

Answer 10

parent cell divides into daughter cells

Question 11

prophase

Answer 11

DNA condenses tightly into chromosomes

nucleus deteriorates

mitotic spindles start forming

Question 12

sister chromatids

Answer 12

chromosomes two halves

Question 13

mitotic spindles

Answer 13

microtubule fibers that pull chromatids apart

Question 14

what controls most steps of prophase

Answer 14

cyclin B and CDK1

control DNA condensing
nuclear envelope breaking down
mitotic spindles forming

Question 15

nuclear lamina

Answer 15

holds nucleus together

Question 16

lamin

Answer 16

proteins that make up the nuclear lamina

intermediate filament

Question 17

metaphase

Answer 17

metaphase plate

M-phase cell checkpoint occurs

Question 18

metaphase plate

Answer 18

chromosomes align at center plane of cell

Question 19

anaphase

Answer 19

sister chromatids begin to separate

pulled to opposite sides of cells

Question 20

telophase

Answer 20

chromosomes reach opposite sides of cell

spindles disappear

nuclei reform around daughter chromosomes

Question 21

cytokinesis

Answer 21

cells split apart via contractile ring

Question 22

contractile ring

Answer 22

made of actin, splits cell in two

Question 23

why do cells die (2)

Answer 23

necrosis (unintentionally)
apoptosis (intentional)

Question 24

necrosis

Answer 24

unexpected/unintended cell death

cell ruptures in an uncontrolled manner, disrupts function of nearby cells

Question 25

what causes necrosis

Answer 25

toxins
physical abrasions
tissue deprived of oxygen

Question 26

what do necrotic cells release

Answer 26

DAMPs

damage associated molecular patterns

Question 27

what do DAMPSs recruit

Answer 27

immune cells to help clean up protein

Question 28

apoptosis

Answer 28

cell dies on purpose

cell is surrounded by lipid membranes to minimizes

Question 29

steps of apoptosis

Answer 29

1) cell decides to die
2) chromatin condenses and DNA fragments
3) organelles break down and cell fractures into apoptotic bodies
4) immune cells eat the apoptotic bodies

Question 30

apoptotic bodies

Answer 30

separate membrane bound fragments of former cells that contain the cells component

Question 31

what do apoptotic cells have go to the outer membrane

Answer 31

phosphatidylserine (PS)

Question 32

caspases

Answer 32

proteins that control apoptosis

Question 33

does DNA damage promote apoptosis

Answer 33

YES!