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cell bio > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

everything is built from _____

A

atoms

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2
Q

different types of atoms create different _______

A

elements

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3
Q

valance electrons

A

electrons in outermost shell

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4
Q

covalent bond

A

share electrons

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5
Q

define chemical reactions

A

atoms form or break bonds
reactants become products

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6
Q

covalent bonds can be ______

A

single
double
triple

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7
Q

polar covalent bond

A

uneven sharing of electrons

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8
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

even sharing of electrons

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9
Q

define electronegativity

A

atom’s tendency to attract electrons

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10
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

intermolecular interaction
DNA and proteins

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11
Q

are nonpolar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

reactions depend on things like

A

concentration
pH
temperature
Gibbs free energy

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13
Q

molecules react to go from ______ to __________

A

high energy to low energy

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14
Q

define exergonic

A

reaction that releases energy
favorable

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15
Q

define endergonic

A

reaction that needs energy
unfavorable

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16
Q

what is reaction coupling

A

combines favorable and unfavorable reactions, to make the whole thing favorable

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17
Q

what is the body’s main energy molecule

A

ATP

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18
Q

define macromolecules

A

large molecules

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19
Q

macromolecule functions

A

energy
structural
information storage

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20
Q

define oligomers

A

small polymers, less than 10 monomers in length

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21
Q

what shapes are carbohydrate monomers found in

A

linear or ringed

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22
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

storing energy
building biological structures
cell recognition

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23
Q

glycocalyx

A

polysaccharide projections on cell surface

24
Q

function of the glycocalyx

A

cells read information in other cells glycocalyx to identify each other

25
Q

are lipids polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

26
Q

what is the main type of lipid

A

fatty acid

27
Q

how does the body store fatty acids

A

triglycerides

28
Q

define amphipathic

A

one polar and one nonpolar region

29
Q

cholesterol is a ____

A

lipid

30
Q

steroid hormones are ______

A

lipids

31
Q

nucleotides consist of

A

phosphate
sugar
base

32
Q

what are the purine nucleotide bases

A

adenine and guanine
double ringed

33
Q

what are the pyrimidine nucleotide bases

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil
single ringed

34
Q

define oligonucleotides

A

polymers 2-10 in length

35
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

36
Q

nonpolar amino acids

A

H + C
no charge

37
Q

polar amino acids

A

O +N
charged

38
Q

basic amino acids

A

positive charge

39
Q

acidic amino acids

A

negative charge

40
Q

define disulfide bond

A

helps protein fold

41
Q

define substrate

A

enzyme’s reactant

42
Q

define active site on a enzyme

A

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

43
Q

define induced fit

A

enzyme alters substrates shape to match transition state
easier to move past transition state

44
Q

define direct catalysis

A

enzyme forms temporary covalent bonds with substrate
modifies substrate towards product

45
Q

define cofactor

A

molecules used to assist catalysts
binds on active site alongside substrate

46
Q

what are the three main subtypes of cofactors

A

ionic cofactors
coenzymes
prosthetic groups

47
Q

define ionic cofactors

A

metal ions that bind active site alongside substrate and assist catalysis

48
Q

define coenzyme

A

small organic molecules used by enzymes during reactions
ex. NADH

49
Q

define prosthetic groups

A

organic molecules tightly bound in enzyme
constant part of enzyme and cannot freely leave

50
Q

T or F: Cells can activate or inactivate ensymes

A

true

51
Q

define competitive inhibition

A

inhibitory molecule binds and blocks active site
prevents substrate from binding and inactivates enzyme

52
Q

define allosteric regulation

A

regulatory molecule binds at allosteric site and it changes active site shape

53
Q

define feedback inhibition

A

enzyme is regulated by its own product

54
Q

proteins are bound in ____________

A

macromolecule complexes

55
Q

define post-translational modifications

A

chemical alterations to a protein to change its function

cell bio (15 decks)

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