ch 2

Question 1

everything is built from _____

Answer 1

atoms

Question 2

different types of atoms create different _______

Answer 2

elements

Question 3

valance electrons

Answer 3

electrons in outermost shell

Question 4

covalent bond

Answer 4

share electrons

Question 5

define chemical reactions

Answer 5

atoms form or break bonds
reactants become products

Question 6

covalent bonds can be ______

Answer 6

single
double
triple

Question 7

polar covalent bond

Answer 7

uneven sharing of electrons

Question 8

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 8

even sharing of electrons

Question 9

define electronegativity

Answer 9

atom’s tendency to attract electrons

Question 10

hydrogen bonds

Answer 10

intermolecular interaction
DNA and proteins

Question 11

are nonpolar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 11

hydrophobic

Question 12

reactions depend on things like

Answer 12

concentration
pH
temperature
Gibbs free energy

Question 13

molecules react to go from ______ to __________

Answer 13

high energy to low energy

Question 14

define exergonic

Answer 14

reaction that releases energy
favorable

Question 15

define endergonic

Answer 15

reaction that needs energy
unfavorable

Question 16

what is reaction coupling

Answer 16

combines favorable and unfavorable reactions, to make the whole thing favorable

Question 17

what is the body’s main energy molecule

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

define macromolecules

Answer 18

large molecules

Question 19

macromolecule functions

Answer 19

energy
structural
information storage

Question 20

define oligomers

Answer 20

small polymers, less than 10 monomers in length

Question 21

what shapes are carbohydrate monomers found in

Answer 21

linear or ringed

Question 22

functions of carbohydrates

Answer 22

storing energy
building biological structures
cell recognition

Question 23

glycocalyx

Answer 23

polysaccharide projections on cell surface

Question 24

function of the glycocalyx

Answer 24

cells read information in other cells glycocalyx to identify each other

Question 25

are lipids polar or nonpolar

Answer 25

nonpolar

Question 26

what is the main type of lipid

Answer 26

fatty acid

Question 27

how does the body store fatty acids

Answer 27

triglycerides

Question 28

define amphipathic

Answer 28

one polar and one nonpolar region

Question 29

cholesterol is a ____

Answer 29

lipid

Question 30

steroid hormones are ______

Answer 30

lipids

Question 31

nucleotides consist of

Answer 31

phosphate sugar base

Question 32

what are the purine nucleotide bases

Answer 32

adenine and guanine double ringed

Question 33

what are the pyrimidine nucleotide bases

Answer 33

cytosine, thymine, uracil single ringed

Question 34

define oligonucleotides

Answer 34

polymers 2-10 in length

Question 35

how many different amino acids are there

Answer 35

20

Question 36

nonpolar amino acids

Answer 36

H + C no charge

Question 37

polar amino acids

Answer 37

O +N charged

Question 38

basic amino acids

Answer 38

positive charge

Question 39

acidic amino acids

Answer 39

negative charge

Question 40

define disulfide bond

Answer 40

helps protein fold

Question 41

define substrate

Answer 41

enzyme's reactant

Question 42

define active site on a enzyme

Answer 42

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Question 43

define induced fit

Answer 43

enzyme alters substrates shape to match transition state easier to move past transition state

Question 44

define direct catalysis

Answer 44

enzyme forms temporary covalent bonds with substrate modifies substrate towards product

Question 45

define cofactor

Answer 45

molecules used to assist catalysts binds on active site alongside substrate

Question 46

what are the three main subtypes of cofactors

Answer 46

ionic cofactors coenzymes prosthetic groups

Question 47

define ionic cofactors

Answer 47

metal ions that bind active site alongside substrate and assist catalysis

Question 48

define coenzyme

Answer 48

small organic molecules used by enzymes during reactions ex. NADH

Question 49

define prosthetic groups

Answer 49

organic molecules tightly bound in enzyme constant part of enzyme and cannot freely leave

Question 50

T or F: Cells can activate or inactivate ensymes

Answer 50

true

Question 51

define competitive inhibition

Answer 51

inhibitory molecule binds and blocks active site prevents substrate from binding and inactivates enzyme

Question 52

define allosteric regulation

Answer 52

regulatory molecule binds at allosteric site and it changes active site shape

Question 53

define feedback inhibition

Answer 53

enzyme is regulated by its own product

Question 54

proteins are bound in ____________

Answer 54

macromolecule complexes

Question 55

define post-translational modifications

Answer 55

chemical alterations to a protein to change its function