Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cell bio > ch 13 > Flashcards

ch 13 Flashcards

cell signaling

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell signaling

A

cells communicate with environment and each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

main stages of cell signaling (4)

A

stimulus/signal
receptor
signal transduction pathway
response/effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what stimuli prompts cell signaling

A

deviation from homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of signals

A

electrical
mechanical
light
temperature
chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

electrical signals

A

sent in the form of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of electrical signals

A

voltage-gated channels
neurons firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mechanical signals

A

stretching/pulling/pushing forces can also be signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of mechanical signals

A

mechanically gated channels
baroreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

baroreceptors

A

protein receptors in vessels that sense and correct blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

light signals

A

light conveys information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of light signals

A

photoreceptors in the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

photoreceptors

A

cells that convert light into electrical information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

temperature signals

A

temperature conveys information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

temperature examples

A

thermoreceptors in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thermoreceptor

A

parts of sensory neurons that help sense changes in temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chemical signals

A

nutrients
hormones
proteins
neurotransmitters
more

16
Q

ligand

A

chemical signal that binds to a particular receptor

17
Q

different types of cell-cell communication

A

endocrine s.
paracrine s.
autocrine s.
direct s.

18
Q

endocrine signaling

A

signaling molecules secreted by specialized cells
molecule travels through bloodstream
molecule binds and alters distant target cell

19
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signaling molecules are secreted
molecule binds to NEARBY cell

20
Q

autocrine signaling

A

signaling molecules are secreted
molecule binds to the cell that secreted it

21
Q

direct signaling

A

signal molecule extends from one cell
molecule binds to adjacent cell
the two cells are in physical content

22
Q

types of receptors (2)

A

intracellular receptors
membrane-bound receptors

23
Q

intracellular receptors

A

receptor inside the target cell
ex. estrogen receptor

24
Q

membrane-bound receptors

A

transmembrane proteins

25
Q

dimerize

A

receptors are brought together by ligand

26
Q

autophosphorylation

A

phosphorylation of self

27
Q

G-coupled protein receptors (GPCRs)

A

spans cell membrane
major drug target
associated with G proteins

28
Q

G-coupled protein receptors (GPCRs) mechanism

A

1) off- no ligand bound, GDP bound to alpha subunit

2) activation- ligand binds, GDP exchanged for GTP, alpha dissociates from gamma/beta

3) signal propagation- alpha and gamma/beta subunits interact with other proteins, those proteins propagate signal

29
Q

signal transduction pathways

A

cascade of events between signal and response
involves proteins activating other proteins

30
Q

response

A

occurs to address the initial stimulus and return to homeostasis

31
Q

glucocorticoids

A

stress hormones
cause cells to increase metabolism and more

brain tells kidney to release them

32
Q

glucocorticoids signaling pathway

A

1) glucocorticoids travel through the membrane

2) bind to intracellular glucocorticoid receptor

3) releases receptor from its repressor protein

4) receptors dimerize and go to nucleus

5) they act as transcription factor to activate genes involved in stress hormones

33
Q

JAK/STAT signaling

A

activates immune cells

34
Q

JAK/STAT signaling pathway

A

1) cytokine binds outside of cell

2) causes receptors to dimerize

3) receptors activate JAK proteins

4) JAK proteins phosphorylate STAT proteins

5) STAT proteins dimerize and go to nucleus

6) acts as transcription factor to activate immune cells

35
Q

TNF-(alpha) signaling

A

helps the body respond to pathogens and inflammation

36
Q

TNF-(alpha) signaling pathway

A

1) TNF-(alpha) protein binds TNF receptor

2) activates cytosolic proteins, which phosphorylate lKB

3) lKB gets degraded

4) this releases NF-KB, which goes to the nucleus

5) acts as transcription factor

6) activates genes involved in inflammation and immunity

37
Q

feedback loops

A

they produce something that inhibits themselves

cell bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions