Ch 9--Nervous system Flashcards
CNS consists of
Spinal cord
Brain
PNS consists of
Sensory and motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Detect external and internal environmental influences and carry sensory impulses about those influences to the brain
Motor neurons
Carry messages called motor impulses from the brain to various parts of the body that result in movement
Neurons
The cells that make up nerves
3 functions of nervous system
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
Neuroglia
Cells found between the neurons. Protect neurons by engulfing unwanted substances. (Phagocytosis) also provide nutrients by attaching blood vessels to neurons
What are the two parts of the nervous system
CNS central nervous system
PNS peripheral nervous system
Every neuron has
Cell body-maintains the neuron
Axon-transmits electrical impulses
Dendrites-receive information and transmitting it to the cell body
Myelin sheath
White fatty covering of some axons. Increases speed of the electrical impulses.
Gli/o
Glue
Myelin/o
Myelin sheath
Tom/o
To cut
-schisis
Cleft; splitting
-us
Condition; thing
Para-
Abnormal
Polio-
Gray
Tetra-
Four
Cerebellar
Pertaining to the cerebellum
Cerebellitis
Inflammation of the cerebellum
Cerebro-
Brain
Cerebral
Pertaining to the brain
Cerebrospinal
Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrovascular
Pertaining to the brain and blood vessels
Cortic/o
Cortex; outer covering
Cortical
Pertaining to the cortex
Corticospinal
Pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spine
Dur/o
Dura mater (one of the membranes surrounding the brain)
Epidural
Upon the dura mater
Subdural
Under the dura mater
Electroencephalogram
Record of the electrical activity of the brain (brain waves)
Electroencephalograph
Instrument used to record the electrical activity of the brain.
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Encephalomalacia
Softening of the brain
Encephalopathy
Any disease of the brain
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of fluid in the brain
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI
A picture of the brain produced by using magnetic waves
Mening/o
Meninges; membrane
Miningoencaphalitis
Inflammation of the meninges and brain
Myelogram
Record of the spinal cord
Myeloschisis
Splitting of the spinal cord
Schisis-splitting
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
Myonueral
Pertaining to the muscle and nerve; also known as neuromuscular
Neuralgia
Nerve pain
Neurology
Study of the nervous system including diseases and treatment
Neurologist
Specialist in the study of the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders
Neurolysis
Nerve destruction
Polyneuritis
Inflammation of many nerves
Radicul/o
Nerve roots
Myeloradiculitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord and nerve roots
Spinal tap
Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space below the third lumbar vertebra to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes; also known as lumbar puncture
Thalam/o
Thalamus
Thalamocortical
Pertaining to the thalamus and cerebral cortex
Ventriculostomy
New opening in the ventricles; used to treat hydrocephalus
Meningocele
Hernia of the meninges; displacement of the meninges from its normal position
Myelomeningocele
Hernia of the spinal cord and meninges; displacement of the spinal cord and meninges from their normal position
-Esthesia
Sensation
Anesthesia
Loss of sensation
Hypoesthesia
Decreased sensation
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensation
Dysesthesia
Irritating sensation in response to normal stimuli
Paraesthesia
Abnormal sensation such as numbness and tingling
Cerebral angiography
The cerebral arteries are visualized after injection of a contrast medium
Electroencaphalography
Process of recording the electrical impulses of the brain
Myelography
Image of the spinal cord is produced by using X-rays after injection of a contrast medium
-Kinesis
Movement motion
Hyperkinesis
Excessive motion hyperactivity
Dyskinesia
Impaired movement
Bradykinesia
Slow movement
Hematoma
Accumulation of blood in a space, organ, or tissue due to a break in the blood vessel; ex epidural and Subdural hematomas
Glioma
Tumor of neurological cells
Meningioma
Benign tumor of meninges
-Phasia
Speech
Aphasia
No speech
Dysphasia
Difficult speech
Diplegia
Paralysis of like extremities on both sides of the body
Hemiplagia
Paralysis of either the right or left half of the body
Monoplegia
Paralysis of one extremity
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower part of the body and legs
Tetraplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs; quadriplegia
-taxia
Order; coordination
Ataxia
No muscular coordination (often due to cerebellular dysfunction
De-
Lack of; removal
Demyelination
Lack of a myelin sheath; occurs in MS
Pachy-
Thick
Pachymenegitis
Inflammation of the pachymeninges. Pachymeninges is another name for dura mater
ALS
Amytrophic lateral sclerosis (death of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord results in masculine degeneration. Lou Gehrig’s disease
BBB
Blood/brain barrier
CNS
Central nervous system
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
CT
Computed tomography
EEG
Electroencephalography
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus
LP
Lumbar puncture
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MS
Multiple sclerosis
PD
Parkinson’s disease
PET
Positron emission tomography
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
Synapses
Transmit impulses from neuron to neuron or from neuron to muscle
Neurotransmitter
Chemical that is released when an electrical impulse travels down the neuron and reaches the synapse
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain. Site of higher intellectual functioning. Divided into right and left hemispheres.
Longitudinal fissure
Deep gap that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Bundles of nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres allowing them to share information
Cerebral cortex
Gray matter that covers cerebrum. Involved in sensory motor functions as well as thought, perception and judgement
Gyri
Or convolutions
Surface of cerebrum. Little gray bulges that look like sausages
Sulci
Each gyrus is seperated by these shallow grooves
Deeper grooves
Fissures. Fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes named after the bones that cover them.
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
Thalamus
Relay station for incoming sensory stimuli. Pain temperature touch
Hypothalamus
Below thalamus. Helps regulate thirst, appetite and temperature
Brain stem includes
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Ancient brain or animal brain Arousal respiration heart rate blood pressure visual and auditory reflexes.
Cerebellum
Lies under occipital lobe of the cerebrum and protrudes dorsally. Important for balance muscle coordination and equilibrium.
Spinal cord
Starts at medulla oblongata, extends through the vertebra, and ends at conus medullaris, from which the nerves extend (cauda equina) 31 pairs extend from the spinal cord (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
Meninges
3 membranes protect the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater-outer
Arachnoid membrane-middle
Pia mater-inner
Cerebrospinal fluid
CSF, colorless liquid that continually circulates within the subarachnoid space
Blood-brain barrier
BBB protective mechanism that prevents toxic substances from entering the brain.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 Pairs of spinal nerves
In the PNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1coccygeal
Two types of brain tumors
Glioma-malignant. Don’t metastasize bc the cells can’t pass through the cranium
Meningiomas-benign rumors located outside brain tissue but still within the cranium.
MS
Myelin sheath covering the axons in brain and spinal cord are destroyed
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
