Ch. 8.1 - Appoaches To Solving Problems Flashcards

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1
Q

trial and error

A

trying possible solutions and discarding those that don’t work until finding one that does

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2
Q

algorithms

A

problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules (anagram: IHCRA)

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3
Q

heuristics

A

problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experience and provide ‘mental shortcuts’

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4
Q

mental set

A

cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what’s actually a new problem

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5
Q

functional fixedness

A

when an individual identifies a potential operator, but can only think of its most obvious function

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6
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

mistaken belief that finding a specific member in two overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of one of the larger, general categories

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7
Q

representativeness heuristic (2)

A
  • making judgements of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category
  • gambler’s fallacy: law of small numbers
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8
Q

availability heuristic (2)

A
  • entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind
  • distorted media coverage
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9
Q

anchoring effect

A

tendency to rely too heavily on the 1st piece of into offered (the anchor) when making decisions

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10
Q

decision making influenced by how problem is framed (2)

A
  • political ‘spin’ and opinion polls

- vaccine example

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11
Q

belief perseverance

A

individual believes they have the solution to the problem or the correct answer for a question, and accepts only evidence that will confirm those beliefs

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12
Q

confirmation bias

A

individual searches only for evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs instead of evidence that might disconfirm them

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