Ch. 6.1 - Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behaviour is determined by consequences

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2
Q

Edward Thorndike (2)

A
  • puzzle boxes with cats
  • Law of effect: responses followed by satisfaction will occur again; those not followed satisfaction will become less likely
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3
Q

B. F. Skinner (2)

A
  • coined ‘operant conditioning’

- used operant boxes (Skinner boxes)

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4
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process in which an event or stimulus (reinforcer) that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

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5
Q

Punishment

A

Process in which an event or stimulus (punisher) decreases the future probability of it occurring again

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6
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs (food)

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7
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning (money)

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8
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Removing the possibility of a stimulus occurring

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9
Q

Escape learning

A

Occurs if a response removes a stimulus that’s already present

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10
Q

Effectiveness of punishment depends on (6)

A
  • being understood
  • severity
  • initial punishment level
  • contiguity
  • consistency
  • showing appropriate behaviours
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11
Q

As with classical conditioning, operant conditioning is also characterized by:

A

Discrimination, generalization, and extinction processes

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12
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Cue/event that indicated a response, that if made, will be reinforced

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13
Q

Delayed reinforcement

A

Reduces strength of stimulus-response pairing

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14
Q

Shaping (2)

A
  • procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response
  • step-by-step (cat toilet trained)
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15
Q

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) (2)

A
  • used with development conditions (autism)

- used to shape desirable behaviours

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16
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

Rules that determine when reinforcement is available

17
Q

Continuous reinforcement (2)

A
  • occurs when every response made results in reinforcement

- vending machines

18
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

When only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

19
Q

Types of partial reinforcement (2)

A
  • fixed vs variable schedules

- ratio vs interval schedules

20
Q

Fixed RATIO schedule (2)

A
  • reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed
  • McCafe punchcard
21
Q

Fixed INTERVAL schedule (2)

A
  • reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes
  • wait few min to get more stuff at PokeStop
22
Q

Variable INTERVAL schedule (2)

A
  • the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of times
  • shooting star?? Boss checking on you
23
Q

Variable RATIO schedule (2)

A
  • the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average
  • gambling
24
Q

Partial reinforcement effect (2)

A
  • organisms conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those under continuous reinforcement
  • problem gambling
25
Q

Superstitions and reinforcement (4)

A
  • superstations cab form when it’s not clear what behaviour led to the reward
  • B. F. Skinner generated ‘superstitious’ behaviours in pigeons
  • confirmation bias
  • superstitions can have positive effects on controllable behaviour