Ch. 5.1 - Sleep

Question 1

alpha/beta waves

Answer 1

alpha: drowsy state, loss of attention
beta: awake

Question 2

the stages of sleep (4)

Answer 2

• stage 1: breathing, heart rate, BP decrease
• stage 2: become less responsive to external stimuli, sporadic brain activity
• stages 3-4: brain activity slows, difficult to wake
• REM sleep: characterized by quickening brain waves, deep relaxation, inhibited body movement and rapid eye movement (paradoxical sleep and REM rebound)

Question 3

theories of sleep: restore and repair (2)

Answer 3

• the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body form the day’s activities
• physiological ‘housekeeping’

Question 4

theories of sleep: preserve and protect hypothesis (2)

Answer 4

• sleep preserves energy and protects he individual organism from harm
• sleep differences between predator and prey species

Question 5

theories of dreaming: psychoanalytic approach (3)

Answer 5

• Sigmund Freud argues dreams are unconscious expressions if wish fulfillment
• manifest content: images and storylines that we dream about
• latent content: actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on surpassed sexual or aggressive urges

Question 6

theories of dreaming: activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 6

-dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brain stem

Question 7

theories of dreaming: problem-solving theory (3)

Answer 7

• thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake
• fast-forward playback
• REM and learning (affects learning of complex tasks and problems + late REM phases especially important)

Question 8

hypnosis (2)

Answer 8

• procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

- not a distinct state of consciousness

Question 9

hypnotic suggestions (3)

Answer 9

• ideomotor: actions to be performed
• challenge: actions not to be performed
• cognitive-perceptual: prompt remembering/forgetting or altered perception

Question 10

theories of hypnosis: dissociation theory (2)

Answer 10

• explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: an observer and hidden observer
• driving on “autopilot”

Question 11

theories of hypnosis: social-cognitive theory (2)

Answer 11

• emphasizes the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility
• confirm to expectations

Question 12

hypnosis: effective addition to treatment (2)

Answer 12

• medical treatments

- pain relief

Question 13

hypnosis originally used to recover memories (2)

Answer 13

• leads to recovery of false memories

- cannot be used as evidence in courts