Ch. 7.2 - Encoding And Retrieving Memories

Question 1

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

Prolonging exposure to info by repeating it

Question 2

Elaborating rehearsal

Answer 2

Prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its meaning

Question 3

Shallow processing

Answer 3

Involves superficial properties of a stimulus

Question 4

deep processing (2)

Answer 4

• related to an items meaning or its function

- self-reference effect, survival processing

Question 5

Recognition

Answer 5

Identifying a stimulus or piece of info when its presented (MC tests)

Question 6

Recall (2)

Answer 6

• retrieving info when asked, but without the info being present
• short answer tests, free vs cued recall

Question 7

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 7

Predicts that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

Question 8

Types of encoding specificity principle (5)

Answer 8

• context dependent learning
• state dependent learning
• mood dependent learning
• context dependent forgetting
• context reinstatement effect

Question 9

More details recalled from emotional memories

Answer 9

Emotions facilitate deep processing in some cases

Question 10

Flashbulb memories (4)

Answer 10

• extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
• same decline in memory as ‘normal’ memories
• differences in beliefs of accuracy
• chronic stress eventually hinders memory

Question 11

Hermann Ebbinghaus (2)

Answer 11

• demonstrated the forger ring curve by measuring his own recall for words
• memory loss characterized by the forgetting curve

Question 12

mnemonics (2)

Answer 12

• techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific info
• acronyms, first-letter technique, dual coding, method of loci

Question 13

acronyms

Answer 13

pronounceable word whose letter represent that initials of an important phrase or set of items (ROYGBIV)

Question 14

first-letter technique

Answer 14

uses 1st letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence (treble clef: EGBDF)

Question 15

dual coding

Answer 15

when info is stored in a more than one form (alphabet song)

Question 16

method of loci

Answer 16

mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 17

testing effect

Answer 17

taking a practice test can improve exam performance

Question 18

spacing effect

Answer 18

material is better recalled when studied over a period of short sessions spaced apart, instead of in one long session (interleaving)

Question 19

desirable difficulties (2)

Answer 19

• re-reading notes vs flash cards

- effort and deep processing needed