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Esthetics > Ch. 8: Skin Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Skin Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the skin’s functions

A

Skin physiology

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2
Q

The skin performs six primary functions, which include ____, ____, sensation, ____, excretion, and regulation.

A

PASSER: protection, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion, regulation

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3
Q

___ are tiny openings that allow sweat or sebum to pass through the surface of the skin.

A

Pores

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4
Q

___ cells provide the body with its first line of defense against infection by identifying foreign substances in the skin.

A

Immune

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5
Q

Immune cells are also known as ___ cells.

A

Langerhans

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6
Q

___ is a complex mixture of fatty acids that keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable.

A

Sebum

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7
Q

What are the 3 main layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous

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8
Q

What keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable?

A

Sebum

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9
Q

The ___ is also known as the protective layer of skin.

A

epidermis

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10
Q

The epidermis is primarily composed of ___.

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

What is the toughest layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

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12
Q

Keratinocytes on the surface of the skin remain tightly interconnected by intercellular connections called ___.

A

desmosomes

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13
Q

The ___ is the outermost layer of skin and provides the body with protection from the environment.

A

epidermis

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14
Q

What is the chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells?

A

Keratinization

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15
Q

___ is also known as the true skin.

A

Dermis

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16
Q

Eccrine glands are most abundant on the ___ , ___, and ___.

A

palms, soles, and forehead

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17
Q

When sebum mixes with the secretions of the sweat glands, it creates a layer of oil and moisture called the ___ ___.

A

acid mantle

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18
Q

The ___ layer acts as a shock absorber and provides the body with cushion that insulates.

A

subcutaneous

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19
Q

____ are a change in the structure of the skin tissue.

A

Lesions

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20
Q

Grade ___ acne is mild and consists of open and closed comedones scattered over less than half the area of the face and back.

A

1

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21
Q

____ are substances that cause an allergy.

A

Allergens

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22
Q

The ___ is the largest organ of the human body.

A

skin

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23
Q

What is an opening that contains the root of a hair?

A

hair follicle

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24
Q

Which medical branch pertains to the study of the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatments?

A

dermatology

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25
Q

____ is a strong protein substance that, when broken down, forms bundles that strengthen and give structure to the skin.

A

Collagen

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26
Q

The dermis is divided into two layers called the ____ and the ____.

A

papillary and reticular

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27
Q

The sudoriferous glands produce ____.

A

sweat

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28
Q

Sebaceous glands continually produce and secrete ____.

A

sebum

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29
Q

____ exfoliation is a physical process that uses an abrasive action combined with a product.

A

Mechanical/ Manual

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30
Q

The four primary ways products are absorbed into the skin are through the ___, ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ and ____ glands.

A

pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

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31
Q

____ are small elevations of the skin, usually inflammatory and do not contain pus.

A

Papules

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32
Q

A ____ is a crack or line in the skin that may go as deep as the dermis.

A

fissure

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33
Q

____ ____ is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an eruptive, blister-like cluster.

A

Herpes Simplex

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34
Q

____ is a chronic inflammatory condition of the face in which the small capillaries of the face become dilated and inflamed.

A

Rosacea

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35
Q

____ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands, caused by many different factors.

A

Acne

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36
Q

What is an open follicle plugged with a black surface plug that has been oxidized?

A

blackhead

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37
Q

What shape do benign growths or moles have?

A

Regular and symmetrical

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38
Q

What is intrinsic aging?

A

natural aging process

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39
Q

Smoking and alcohol consumption are examples of what type of aging?

A

extrinsic aging

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40
Q

_____ disease is active internally throughout the body system.

A

Systemic

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41
Q

What are the 4 guidelines for determining whether a skin growth should be examined by a physician?

A

ABCD: Asymmetrical or inconsistent growth, Border is not well-defined, Color is not consistent within growth, Diameter is larger than 6 mm or a pencil eraser

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42
Q

term used to identify intense and severe conditions; implies a rapid onset

A

acute

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43
Q

substance that causes an allergy

A

allergen

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44
Q

sensitivity that may develop from contact with normally harmless substances

A

allergy

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45
Q

describes conditions that are frequent and continuing, persisting for 3 months or more

A

chronic

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46
Q

describes a disease that’s communicable by casual contact

A

contagious

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47
Q

inflammatory disorder of the skin

A

dermatitis

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48
Q

allergic reaction to certain cosmetics or chemicals; form of contact dermatitis

A

dermatitis venenata

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49
Q

identification of a disease based on the presence of certain characteristics

A

diagnosis

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50
Q

swelling of tissue or skin, caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue

A

edema

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51
Q

redness of skin caused by dilation or congestion of capillaries

A

erythema

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52
Q

study of cause of diseases, disorders, or conditions

A

etiology

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53
Q

excessive keratin cell production on stratum corneum

A

hyperkeratosis

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54
Q

tissue reaction to irritation like redness, pain, swelling, or increased temperature

A

inflammation

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55
Q

buildup of skin cells on epidermis

A

keratosis

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56
Q

symptoms visible to the eye like papules, pustules, and redness

A

objective symptoms

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57
Q

health condition created or influenced by employment environment

A

occupational disorder

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58
Q

skin condition caused by animal or vegetable parasites like ringworm or lice

A

parasitic disease

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59
Q

study of diseases and disorders, their causes, processes, development, and consequences

A

pathology

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60
Q

predicting probable course and outcome of a condition, disorder, or disease

A

prognosis

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61
Q

inflammation that causes severe itching, usually on undamaged skin

A

pruritus

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62
Q

skin condition or disorder influenced by weather or seasonal changes

A

seasonal disease

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63
Q

symptoms felt by the client that are not visible to others, like burning or itching

A

subjective symptoms

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64
Q

“Spiny” irregularly shaped cells are located in the ___ ___.

A

stratum spinosum

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65
Q

In which layer of skin are the cells more regularly shaped and resemble many tiny granules?

A

stratum granulosum

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66
Q

What are the 4 main receptors of sensation in the dermal layer of skin?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles, Ruffini’s Corpuscles, Pacinian Corpuscles, Krause’s End Bulbs

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67
Q

Sudoriferous glands produce ___.

A

sweat

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68
Q

In what 3 areas are apocrine glands located?

A

underarm area, nipples, genitals

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69
Q

What is the male hormone that influences the production of sebum?

A

androgen

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70
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that holds bones to other bones to form joints?

A

ligaments

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71
Q

What are the 5 types of tissue found in the skin?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve, liquid

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72
Q

___ is the removal of dead skin to stimulate new cell growth.

A

Exfoliation

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73
Q

Which secondary lesion is a dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore?

A

crust

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74
Q

A hereditary rash, or an inflammation of the skin, characterized by dry, sensitive, irritated skin is called ___ ___.

A

atopic dermatitis

75
Q

An allergic reaction that produces an eruption of wheals is known as ____.

A

hives

76
Q

Warts are most commonly found on the ___, ___, and ___.

A

feet, hands, fingers

77
Q

Whiteheads are also known as ___ comedones.

A

closed

78
Q

___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry, exfoliate, and help in killing bacteria.

A

Benzoyl peroxide

79
Q

___ is a foul-smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that break down sweat on the surface of the skin.

A

Bromidrosis

80
Q

What are small elevated growths that can easily be removed by a physician?

A

skin tags

81
Q

What is a congenital disease that results in the failure of the skin to produce melanin?

A

albinism

82
Q

A birthmark or congenital mole is called a ___.

A

nevus

83
Q

A freckle is also known as a ___.

A

lentigo

84
Q

What is the number one factor in extrinsic aging?

A

amount of sun exposure

85
Q

The general appearance of ___-___ skin shows a leathery surface, irregular pigment, and numerous fine lines and wrinkles.

A

sun-damaged

86
Q

the microscopic study of skin’s tissue

A

skin histology

87
Q

The ___ system is made up of skin and its layers.

A

integumentary

88
Q

___ is the primary component of skin cells. It is a protein substance.

A

Keratin

89
Q

Keratin contains what 5 elements?

A

COHNS: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

90
Q

Fingernails and hair are made of ___ keratin, and skin is made of ___ keratin.

A

hard, soft

91
Q

What makes the stratum corneum water-resistant?

A

desmosomes

92
Q

___ cells protect the layers below the stratum corneum.

A

Squamous

93
Q

The stratum lucidum is thickest on the ___ and ___.

A

palms, soles

94
Q

Epidermal ridges or whorls are located on which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum lucidum

95
Q

What is the purpose of epidermal ridges or whorls?

A

traction and fingerprints for identification

96
Q

Keratin is largely produced in the stratum ___.

A

granulosum

97
Q

Langerhans cells are found in the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis.

A

spinosum

98
Q

What is the lowest layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum germinativum

99
Q

Immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells or __-cells.

A

T-cells

100
Q

The stratum germinativum is also known as the ___ layer.

A

basal

101
Q

The process of keratinization takes about ___ days.

A

28

102
Q

specialized cellular connections that attach the epidermis to the dermis, forming the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

103
Q

Basal cells in the basement membrane become ___.

A

keratinocytes

104
Q

What are the touch receptors or sensory cells only found in the thick, hairless skin of the stratum germinativum?

A

Merkel cells

105
Q

___ produce melanin, which is packaged in intracellular vesicles called ___.

A

Melanocytes, melanosomes

106
Q

___ decide the type and amount of melanin produced.

A

Genes

107
Q

To protect keratinocytes from UV rays, what do melanocytes do?

A

increase production of melanosomes

108
Q

How much thicker is the dermis compared to the epidermis?

A

25 times thicker

109
Q

What is the skin’s main support structure that also nourishes the lower epidermis?

A

dermis

110
Q

The connective tissues of the dermal layer are made up of a semi-fluid, jelly-like substance containing ___ cells, ___ protein, and ___ fibers.

A

fibroblast, collagen, elastin

111
Q

What is responsible for the formation of fibers and aids in the production of collagen and elastin?

A

fibroblast cells

112
Q

What can stretch to 2 times its normal length and contributes to skin’s elasticity?

A

elastin

113
Q

What makes up 70% of the dermis and is found in the bone cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues?

A

collagen

114
Q

Excessive collagen may produce ___ and ___ scars.

A

keyloids, hypertrophic scars

115
Q

___ cells respond to allergens by releasing histamines.

A

Mast

116
Q

Which layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and capillaries?

A

papillary dermis

117
Q

Does the papillary dermis have more cold thermoreceptors or more heat thermoreceptors?

A

3-4 times more cold receptors

118
Q

What component of the reticular dermis helps maintain the flexibility and resilience of the skin?

A

water content

119
Q

____ glands are ductless glands found in the reticular dermis. They release hormones into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

120
Q

____ glands are found in the reticular dermis. They release secretions into ducts, which deposit onto the skin’s surface.

A

Exocrine

121
Q

Are apocrine or eccrine glands of more interest to estheticians? Why?

A

eccrine; They open directly onto the skin’s surface via pores and are mainly located on the forehead, palms, and soles of feet.

122
Q

What is sebum?

A

complex mix of fatty acids

123
Q

Why are breakouts more common on the face than the scalp?

A

Hair follicles, which contain sebaceous glands, are larger around facial hair than scalp hair.

124
Q

The ___ layer is also known as the subcutis or subdermis.

A

subcutaneous

125
Q

What layer gives shape and contour to the body and separates the skin from muscle?

A

subcutaneous layer

126
Q

The epithelial tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.

A

epidermis

127
Q

The connective tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.

A

dermis

128
Q

The liquid tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.

A

blood and lymph

129
Q

___ and ___ attach the dermis to subcutaneous tissue.

A

Collagen and elastin

130
Q

Cell turnover and metabolism slow with age, which leads to a decrease in ___ and ___ within the epidermis.

A

lipids; moisture

131
Q

___ ___ is the process of using substances such as enzymes or alpha hydroxy acids to cause a chemical reaction to remove dead skin cells.

A

Chemical exfoliation

132
Q

Pore size, condition of the stratum corneum, size of product molecules, skin’s oiliness, hydration level, and skin’s temperatures can all affect ___.

A

absorption

133
Q

Will large pores, dry skin, and smaller product molecules increase or decrease the rate of absorption?

A

increase

134
Q

Will a thicker stratum corneum, warmer skin, and oily skin increase or decrease the rate of absorption?

A

decrease

135
Q

What are the 4 primary methods of absorbing products into the skin?

A

pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

136
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis is a form of ___.

A

eczema

137
Q

What is the difference between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis?

A

Atopic dermatitis is hereditary. Contact dermatitis is caused by an allergic reaction or irritation.

138
Q

Psoriasis is caused by an increase in what?

A

growth of skin cells

139
Q

Should skincare treatments be performed on a client with eczema?

A

no

140
Q

___ is also known as urticaria. It is an allergic reaction that produced an eruption of wheals or a rash.

A

Hives

141
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lesions?

A

A primary lesion is a change in the skin’s structure during its early stages of development. A secondary lesion is a change in the skin’s structure that appears as the disease or condition progresses.

142
Q

Macules, wheals, papules, pustules, vesicles, nodules, and cysts are examples of ___ lesions.

A

primary

143
Q

Crusts, excoriations, scales, scars, fissures, and ulcers are examples of ___ lesions.

A

secondary

144
Q

A ___ is a small, usually inflamed elevation of the skin that does not contain pus, and can progress to a ___.

A

papule; pustule

145
Q

Freckles are examples of primary lesions known as ___.

A

macules

146
Q

A bulla is larger but similar to a ___, which is also known as a blister.

A

vesicle

147
Q

A(n) ____ is a mechanical abrasion of the dermis caused by scratching a bug bite or acne.

A

excoriation

148
Q

Skincare services should not be performed when ___, a visible open lesion, are present.

A

ulcers

149
Q

Herpes ___, a contagious virus characterized by nerve pain on one side of the body, is also known as shingles.

A

Herpes Zoster

150
Q

What is the highly contagious viral infection that lies dormant between breakouts and causes blister-like clusters on mucous membranes?

A

Herpes Simplex

151
Q

Ringworm, also known as ___, is a contagious fungal disease.

A

tinea

152
Q

___ ___ is an acute form of conjunctivitis that causes inflammation of the eyelids and eyeballs.

A

Pink eye

153
Q

Dilated capillaries at the surface of the skin are called ___.

A

telangiectasia

154
Q

Why shouldn’t you touch or squeeze acne lesions?

A

It can spread bacteria, lead to more acne, and increase inflammation and scarring.

155
Q

Propionibacterium is the bacteria present when ___ forms.

A

acne

156
Q

___ are pearly white enclosed cysts resulting from excessive exfoliation or dermabrasion.

A

Milia

157
Q

Milia occur when what 3 things combine to form a hard ball?

A

bacteria, sebum, dead skin cells

158
Q

What is nodular cystic acne?

A

inflammatory, hard lesions found deeper in the skin than non-severe acne

159
Q

Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderate acne with open and closed comedones and occasional papules or pustules.

A

2

160
Q

Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderately severe acne with open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, and occasional cysts.

A

3

161
Q

Grade ___ acne is characterized by severe acne over more than 50% of the face with numerous papules, pustules, and cysts.

A

4

162
Q

Which grades of acne can be treated by an esthetician?

A

1, 2, 3

163
Q

____, an acne treatment, works by inhibiting functions of the sebaceous glands and the process of keratinization.

A

Accutane

164
Q

___ is a lack of perspiration caused by failure of the sudoriferous glands.

A

Anhidrosis

165
Q

What is the most dangerous skin growth?

A

melanoma

166
Q

What does the Fitzpatrick Scale developed by Dr. Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, an influential dermatologist, show?

A

how different skin types react to UV radiation

167
Q

___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry and exfoliate. It releases oxygen, which helps kill acne-causing bacteria.

A

Benzoyl Peroxide

168
Q

___ ___ are medications prescribed by a physician for use on the skin to dry and kill acne-causing bacteria.

A

Topical antibiotics

169
Q

____ contains Tretinoin, a powerful derivative of Vitamin A that dries the skin and promotes rapid exfoliation.

A

Retin-A

170
Q

___ acid promotes drying and cell turnover.

A

Azaleic acid

171
Q

___ acid is a beta hydroxy acid that mildly dries and promotes cell turnover by producing a mild keratolytic action.

A

Salicylic acid

172
Q

___ acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that breaks the bonds that connect skin cells together, allowing for cell turnover and exfoliation. Peels with this acid remove the stratum corneum and unplug clogged pores.

A

Glycolic acid

173
Q

What function of the integumentary system gives the body the ability to maintain an internal body temperature?

A

Regulation

174
Q

What cells cover and protect the inside of the body?

A

Epithelial

175
Q

What layer of the epidermis is the toughest and acts as a barrier to moisture loss?

A

Stratum corneum

176
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is also called the basal layer?

A

Stratum germinativum

177
Q

Which of the following epidermal layers have intercellular connections that provide strength and support between cells?

A

Stratum spinosum

178
Q

The process of product absorption into the skin is referred to as ___ ___.

A

transdermal penetration

179
Q

What is the substance that binds, adds structural strength and mediates biochemical interactions between cells?

A

intercellular cement

180
Q

A secondary lesion that identifies the shedding of dead skin cells on the uppermost layer of the epidermis is a ____.

A

scale

181
Q

A condition caused by excess secretion of the sebaceous glands commonly associated with oily skin types is known as ____.

A

seborrhea

182
Q

A small inflamed elevation filled with bacterial fluid and pus and appear red and cloudy or white is known as a ____.

A

pustule

183
Q

Which of the following is an acquired skin disease characterized by white patches caused by a loss of pigment?

A

Vitiligo

Esthetics (16 decks)

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