Ch. 8: Skin Physiology Flashcards
the study of the skin’s functions
Skin physiology
The skin performs six primary functions, which include ____, ____, sensation, ____, excretion, and regulation.
PASSER: protection, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion, regulation
___ are tiny openings that allow sweat or sebum to pass through the surface of the skin.
Pores
___ cells provide the body with its first line of defense against infection by identifying foreign substances in the skin.
Immune
Immune cells are also known as ___ cells.
Langerhans
___ is a complex mixture of fatty acids that keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable.
Sebum
What are the 3 main layers of skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
What keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable?
Sebum
The ___ is also known as the protective layer of skin.
epidermis
The epidermis is primarily composed of ___.
keratinocytes
What is the toughest layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
Keratinocytes on the surface of the skin remain tightly interconnected by intercellular connections called ___.
desmosomes
The ___ is the outermost layer of skin and provides the body with protection from the environment.
epidermis
What is the chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells?
Keratinization
___ is also known as the true skin.
Dermis
Eccrine glands are most abundant on the ___ , ___, and ___.
palms, soles, and forehead
When sebum mixes with the secretions of the sweat glands, it creates a layer of oil and moisture called the ___ ___.
acid mantle
The ___ layer acts as a shock absorber and provides the body with cushion that insulates.
subcutaneous
____ are a change in the structure of the skin tissue.
Lesions
Grade ___ acne is mild and consists of open and closed comedones scattered over less than half the area of the face and back.
1
____ are substances that cause an allergy.
Allergens
The ___ is the largest organ of the human body.
skin
What is an opening that contains the root of a hair?
hair follicle
Which medical branch pertains to the study of the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatments?
dermatology
____ is a strong protein substance that, when broken down, forms bundles that strengthen and give structure to the skin.
Collagen
The dermis is divided into two layers called the ____ and the ____.
papillary and reticular
The sudoriferous glands produce ____.
sweat
Sebaceous glands continually produce and secrete ____.
sebum
____ exfoliation is a physical process that uses an abrasive action combined with a product.
Mechanical/ Manual
The four primary ways products are absorbed into the skin are through the ___, ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ and ____ glands.
pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
____ are small elevations of the skin, usually inflammatory and do not contain pus.
Papules
A ____ is a crack or line in the skin that may go as deep as the dermis.
fissure
____ ____ is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an eruptive, blister-like cluster.
Herpes Simplex
____ is a chronic inflammatory condition of the face in which the small capillaries of the face become dilated and inflamed.
Rosacea
____ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands, caused by many different factors.
Acne
What is an open follicle plugged with a black surface plug that has been oxidized?
blackhead
What shape do benign growths or moles have?
Regular and symmetrical
What is intrinsic aging?
natural aging process
Smoking and alcohol consumption are examples of what type of aging?
extrinsic aging
_____ disease is active internally throughout the body system.
Systemic
What are the 4 guidelines for determining whether a skin growth should be examined by a physician?
ABCD: Asymmetrical or inconsistent growth, Border is not well-defined, Color is not consistent within growth, Diameter is larger than 6 mm or a pencil eraser
term used to identify intense and severe conditions; implies a rapid onset
acute
substance that causes an allergy
allergen
sensitivity that may develop from contact with normally harmless substances
allergy
describes conditions that are frequent and continuing, persisting for 3 months or more
chronic
describes a disease that’s communicable by casual contact
contagious
inflammatory disorder of the skin
dermatitis
allergic reaction to certain cosmetics or chemicals; form of contact dermatitis
dermatitis venenata
identification of a disease based on the presence of certain characteristics
diagnosis
swelling of tissue or skin, caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue
edema
redness of skin caused by dilation or congestion of capillaries
erythema
study of cause of diseases, disorders, or conditions
etiology
excessive keratin cell production on stratum corneum
hyperkeratosis
tissue reaction to irritation like redness, pain, swelling, or increased temperature
inflammation
buildup of skin cells on epidermis
keratosis
symptoms visible to the eye like papules, pustules, and redness
objective symptoms
health condition created or influenced by employment environment
occupational disorder
skin condition caused by animal or vegetable parasites like ringworm or lice
parasitic disease
study of diseases and disorders, their causes, processes, development, and consequences
pathology
predicting probable course and outcome of a condition, disorder, or disease
prognosis
inflammation that causes severe itching, usually on undamaged skin
pruritus
skin condition or disorder influenced by weather or seasonal changes
seasonal disease
symptoms felt by the client that are not visible to others, like burning or itching
subjective symptoms
“Spiny” irregularly shaped cells are located in the ___ ___.
stratum spinosum
In which layer of skin are the cells more regularly shaped and resemble many tiny granules?
stratum granulosum
What are the 4 main receptors of sensation in the dermal layer of skin?
Meissner’s Corpuscles, Ruffini’s Corpuscles, Pacinian Corpuscles, Krause’s End Bulbs
Sudoriferous glands produce ___.
sweat
In what 3 areas are apocrine glands located?
underarm area, nipples, genitals
What is the male hormone that influences the production of sebum?
androgen
What is the name of the connective tissue that holds bones to other bones to form joints?
ligaments
What are the 5 types of tissue found in the skin?
epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve, liquid
___ is the removal of dead skin to stimulate new cell growth.
Exfoliation
Which secondary lesion is a dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore?
crust
A hereditary rash, or an inflammation of the skin, characterized by dry, sensitive, irritated skin is called ___ ___.
atopic dermatitis
An allergic reaction that produces an eruption of wheals is known as ____.
hives
Warts are most commonly found on the ___, ___, and ___.
feet, hands, fingers
Whiteheads are also known as ___ comedones.
closed
___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry, exfoliate, and help in killing bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide
___ is a foul-smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that break down sweat on the surface of the skin.
Bromidrosis
What are small elevated growths that can easily be removed by a physician?
skin tags
What is a congenital disease that results in the failure of the skin to produce melanin?
albinism
A birthmark or congenital mole is called a ___.
nevus
A freckle is also known as a ___.
lentigo
What is the number one factor in extrinsic aging?
amount of sun exposure
The general appearance of ___-___ skin shows a leathery surface, irregular pigment, and numerous fine lines and wrinkles.
sun-damaged
the microscopic study of skin’s tissue
skin histology
The ___ system is made up of skin and its layers.
integumentary
___ is the primary component of skin cells. It is a protein substance.
Keratin
Keratin contains what 5 elements?
COHNS: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Fingernails and hair are made of ___ keratin, and skin is made of ___ keratin.
hard, soft
What makes the stratum corneum water-resistant?
desmosomes
___ cells protect the layers below the stratum corneum.
Squamous
The stratum lucidum is thickest on the ___ and ___.
palms, soles
Epidermal ridges or whorls are located on which layer of the epidermis?
stratum lucidum
What is the purpose of epidermal ridges or whorls?
traction and fingerprints for identification
Keratin is largely produced in the stratum ___.
granulosum
Langerhans cells are found in the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis.
spinosum
What is the lowest layer of the epidermis?
stratum germinativum
Immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells or __-cells.
T-cells
The stratum germinativum is also known as the ___ layer.
basal
The process of keratinization takes about ___ days.
28
specialized cellular connections that attach the epidermis to the dermis, forming the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
Basal cells in the basement membrane become ___.
keratinocytes
What are the touch receptors or sensory cells only found in the thick, hairless skin of the stratum germinativum?
Merkel cells
___ produce melanin, which is packaged in intracellular vesicles called ___.
Melanocytes, melanosomes
___ decide the type and amount of melanin produced.
Genes
To protect keratinocytes from UV rays, what do melanocytes do?
increase production of melanosomes
How much thicker is the dermis compared to the epidermis?
25 times thicker
What is the skin’s main support structure that also nourishes the lower epidermis?
dermis
The connective tissues of the dermal layer are made up of a semi-fluid, jelly-like substance containing ___ cells, ___ protein, and ___ fibers.
fibroblast, collagen, elastin
What is responsible for the formation of fibers and aids in the production of collagen and elastin?
fibroblast cells
What can stretch to 2 times its normal length and contributes to skin’s elasticity?
elastin
What makes up 70% of the dermis and is found in the bone cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues?
collagen
Excessive collagen may produce ___ and ___ scars.
keyloids, hypertrophic scars
___ cells respond to allergens by releasing histamines.
Mast
Which layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and capillaries?
papillary dermis
Does the papillary dermis have more cold thermoreceptors or more heat thermoreceptors?
3-4 times more cold receptors
What component of the reticular dermis helps maintain the flexibility and resilience of the skin?
water content
____ glands are ductless glands found in the reticular dermis. They release hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
____ glands are found in the reticular dermis. They release secretions into ducts, which deposit onto the skin’s surface.
Exocrine
Are apocrine or eccrine glands of more interest to estheticians? Why?
eccrine; They open directly onto the skin’s surface via pores and are mainly located on the forehead, palms, and soles of feet.
What is sebum?
complex mix of fatty acids
Why are breakouts more common on the face than the scalp?
Hair follicles, which contain sebaceous glands, are larger around facial hair than scalp hair.
The ___ layer is also known as the subcutis or subdermis.
subcutaneous
What layer gives shape and contour to the body and separates the skin from muscle?
subcutaneous layer
The epithelial tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
epidermis
The connective tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
dermis
The liquid tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
blood and lymph
___ and ___ attach the dermis to subcutaneous tissue.
Collagen and elastin
Cell turnover and metabolism slow with age, which leads to a decrease in ___ and ___ within the epidermis.
lipids; moisture
___ ___ is the process of using substances such as enzymes or alpha hydroxy acids to cause a chemical reaction to remove dead skin cells.
Chemical exfoliation
Pore size, condition of the stratum corneum, size of product molecules, skin’s oiliness, hydration level, and skin’s temperatures can all affect ___.
absorption
Will large pores, dry skin, and smaller product molecules increase or decrease the rate of absorption?
increase
Will a thicker stratum corneum, warmer skin, and oily skin increase or decrease the rate of absorption?
decrease
What are the 4 primary methods of absorbing products into the skin?
pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
Seborrheic dermatitis is a form of ___.
eczema
What is the difference between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis?
Atopic dermatitis is hereditary. Contact dermatitis is caused by an allergic reaction or irritation.
Psoriasis is caused by an increase in what?
growth of skin cells
Should skincare treatments be performed on a client with eczema?
no
___ is also known as urticaria. It is an allergic reaction that produced an eruption of wheals or a rash.
Hives
What is the difference between primary and secondary lesions?
A primary lesion is a change in the skin’s structure during its early stages of development. A secondary lesion is a change in the skin’s structure that appears as the disease or condition progresses.
Macules, wheals, papules, pustules, vesicles, nodules, and cysts are examples of ___ lesions.
primary
Crusts, excoriations, scales, scars, fissures, and ulcers are examples of ___ lesions.
secondary
A ___ is a small, usually inflamed elevation of the skin that does not contain pus, and can progress to a ___.
papule; pustule
Freckles are examples of primary lesions known as ___.
macules
A bulla is larger but similar to a ___, which is also known as a blister.
vesicle
A(n) ____ is a mechanical abrasion of the dermis caused by scratching a bug bite or acne.
excoriation
Skincare services should not be performed when ___, a visible open lesion, are present.
ulcers
Herpes ___, a contagious virus characterized by nerve pain on one side of the body, is also known as shingles.
Herpes Zoster
What is the highly contagious viral infection that lies dormant between breakouts and causes blister-like clusters on mucous membranes?
Herpes Simplex
Ringworm, also known as ___, is a contagious fungal disease.
tinea
___ ___ is an acute form of conjunctivitis that causes inflammation of the eyelids and eyeballs.
Pink eye
Dilated capillaries at the surface of the skin are called ___.
telangiectasia
Why shouldn’t you touch or squeeze acne lesions?
It can spread bacteria, lead to more acne, and increase inflammation and scarring.
Propionibacterium is the bacteria present when ___ forms.
acne
___ are pearly white enclosed cysts resulting from excessive exfoliation or dermabrasion.
Milia
Milia occur when what 3 things combine to form a hard ball?
bacteria, sebum, dead skin cells
What is nodular cystic acne?
inflammatory, hard lesions found deeper in the skin than non-severe acne
Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderate acne with open and closed comedones and occasional papules or pustules.
2
Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderately severe acne with open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, and occasional cysts.
3
Grade ___ acne is characterized by severe acne over more than 50% of the face with numerous papules, pustules, and cysts.
4
Which grades of acne can be treated by an esthetician?
1, 2, 3
____, an acne treatment, works by inhibiting functions of the sebaceous glands and the process of keratinization.
Accutane
___ is a lack of perspiration caused by failure of the sudoriferous glands.
Anhidrosis
What is the most dangerous skin growth?
melanoma
What does the Fitzpatrick Scale developed by Dr. Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, an influential dermatologist, show?
how different skin types react to UV radiation
___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry and exfoliate. It releases oxygen, which helps kill acne-causing bacteria.
Benzoyl Peroxide
___ ___ are medications prescribed by a physician for use on the skin to dry and kill acne-causing bacteria.
Topical antibiotics
____ contains Tretinoin, a powerful derivative of Vitamin A that dries the skin and promotes rapid exfoliation.
Retin-A
___ acid promotes drying and cell turnover.
Azaleic acid
___ acid is a beta hydroxy acid that mildly dries and promotes cell turnover by producing a mild keratolytic action.
Salicylic acid
___ acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that breaks the bonds that connect skin cells together, allowing for cell turnover and exfoliation. Peels with this acid remove the stratum corneum and unplug clogged pores.
Glycolic acid
What function of the integumentary system gives the body the ability to maintain an internal body temperature?
Regulation
What cells cover and protect the inside of the body?
Epithelial
What layer of the epidermis is the toughest and acts as a barrier to moisture loss?
Stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is also called the basal layer?
Stratum germinativum
Which of the following epidermal layers have intercellular connections that provide strength and support between cells?
Stratum spinosum
The process of product absorption into the skin is referred to as ___ ___.
transdermal penetration
What is the substance that binds, adds structural strength and mediates biochemical interactions between cells?
intercellular cement
A secondary lesion that identifies the shedding of dead skin cells on the uppermost layer of the epidermis is a ____.
scale
A condition caused by excess secretion of the sebaceous glands commonly associated with oily skin types is known as ____.
seborrhea
A small inflamed elevation filled with bacterial fluid and pus and appear red and cloudy or white is known as a ____.
pustule
Which of the following is an acquired skin disease characterized by white patches caused by a loss of pigment?
Vitiligo
