Ch. 8: Skin Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
the study of the skin’s functions
A
Skin physiology
2
Q
The skin performs six primary functions, which include ____, ____, sensation, ____, excretion, and regulation.
A
PASSER: protection, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion, regulation
3
Q
___ are tiny openings that allow sweat or sebum to pass through the surface of the skin.
A
Pores
4
Q
___ cells provide the body with its first line of defense against infection by identifying foreign substances in the skin.
A
Immune
5
Q
Immune cells are also known as ___ cells.
A
Langerhans
6
Q
___ is a complex mixture of fatty acids that keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable.
A
Sebum
7
Q
What are the 3 main layers of skin?
A
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
8
Q
What keeps the skin soft, supple, and pliable?
A
Sebum
9
Q
The ___ is also known as the protective layer of skin.
A
epidermis
10
Q
The epidermis is primarily composed of ___.
A
keratinocytes
11
Q
What is the toughest layer of the epidermis?
A
stratum corneum
12
Q
Keratinocytes on the surface of the skin remain tightly interconnected by intercellular connections called ___.
A
desmosomes
13
Q
The ___ is the outermost layer of skin and provides the body with protection from the environment.
A
epidermis
14
Q
What is the chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells?
A
Keratinization
15
Q
___ is also known as the true skin.
A
Dermis
16
Q
Eccrine glands are most abundant on the ___ , ___, and ___.
A
palms, soles, and forehead
17
Q
When sebum mixes with the secretions of the sweat glands, it creates a layer of oil and moisture called the ___ ___.
A
acid mantle
18
Q
The ___ layer acts as a shock absorber and provides the body with cushion that insulates.
A
subcutaneous
19
Q
____ are a change in the structure of the skin tissue.
A
Lesions
20
Q
Grade ___ acne is mild and consists of open and closed comedones scattered over less than half the area of the face and back.
A
1
21
Q
____ are substances that cause an allergy.
A
Allergens
22
Q
The ___ is the largest organ of the human body.
A
skin
23
Q
What is an opening that contains the root of a hair?
A
hair follicle
24
Q
Which medical branch pertains to the study of the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatments?
A
dermatology
25
____ is a strong protein substance that, when broken down, forms bundles that strengthen and give structure to the skin.
Collagen
26
The dermis is divided into two layers called the ____ and the ____.
papillary and reticular
27
The sudoriferous glands produce ____.
sweat
28
Sebaceous glands continually produce and secrete ____.
sebum
29
____ exfoliation is a physical process that uses an abrasive action combined with a product.
Mechanical/ Manual
30
The four primary ways products are absorbed into the skin are through the ___, ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ and ____ glands.
pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
31
____ are small elevations of the skin, usually inflammatory and do not contain pus.
Papules
32
A ____ is a crack or line in the skin that may go as deep as the dermis.
fissure
33
____ ____ is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an eruptive, blister-like cluster.
Herpes Simplex
34
____ is a chronic inflammatory condition of the face in which the small capillaries of the face become dilated and inflamed.
Rosacea
35
____ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands, caused by many different factors.
Acne
36
What is an open follicle plugged with a black surface plug that has been oxidized?
blackhead
37
What shape do benign growths or moles have?
Regular and symmetrical
38
What is intrinsic aging?
natural aging process
39
Smoking and alcohol consumption are examples of what type of aging?
extrinsic aging
40
_____ disease is active internally throughout the body system.
Systemic
41
What are the 4 guidelines for determining whether a skin growth should be examined by a physician?
ABCD: Asymmetrical or inconsistent growth, Border is not well-defined, Color is not consistent within growth, Diameter is larger than 6 mm or a pencil eraser
42
term used to identify intense and severe conditions; implies a rapid onset
acute
43
substance that causes an allergy
allergen
44
sensitivity that may develop from contact with normally harmless substances
allergy
45
describes conditions that are frequent and continuing, persisting for 3 months or more
chronic
46
describes a disease that's communicable by casual contact
contagious
47
inflammatory disorder of the skin
dermatitis
48
allergic reaction to certain cosmetics or chemicals; form of contact dermatitis
dermatitis venenata
49
identification of a disease based on the presence of certain characteristics
diagnosis
50
swelling of tissue or skin, caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue
edema
51
redness of skin caused by dilation or congestion of capillaries
erythema
52
study of cause of diseases, disorders, or conditions
etiology
53
excessive keratin cell production on stratum corneum
hyperkeratosis
54
tissue reaction to irritation like redness, pain, swelling, or increased temperature
inflammation
55
buildup of skin cells on epidermis
keratosis
56
symptoms visible to the eye like papules, pustules, and redness
objective symptoms
57
health condition created or influenced by employment environment
occupational disorder
58
skin condition caused by animal or vegetable parasites like ringworm or lice
parasitic disease
59
study of diseases and disorders, their causes, processes, development, and consequences
pathology
60
predicting probable course and outcome of a condition, disorder, or disease
prognosis
61
inflammation that causes severe itching, usually on undamaged skin
pruritus
62
skin condition or disorder influenced by weather or seasonal changes
seasonal disease
63
symptoms felt by the client that are not visible to others, like burning or itching
subjective symptoms
64
"Spiny" irregularly shaped cells are located in the ___ ___.
stratum spinosum
65
In which layer of skin are the cells more regularly shaped and resemble many tiny granules?
stratum granulosum
66
What are the 4 main receptors of sensation in the dermal layer of skin?
Meissner's Corpuscles, Ruffini's Corpuscles, Pacinian Corpuscles, Krause's End Bulbs
67
Sudoriferous glands produce ___.
sweat
68
In what 3 areas are apocrine glands located?
underarm area, nipples, genitals
69
What is the male hormone that influences the production of sebum?
androgen
70
What is the name of the connective tissue that holds bones to other bones to form joints?
ligaments
71
What are the 5 types of tissue found in the skin?
epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve, liquid
72
___ is the removal of dead skin to stimulate new cell growth.
Exfoliation
73
Which secondary lesion is a dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore?
crust
74
A hereditary rash, or an inflammation of the skin, characterized by dry, sensitive, irritated skin is called ___ ___.
atopic dermatitis
75
An allergic reaction that produces an eruption of wheals is known as ____.
hives
76
Warts are most commonly found on the ___, ___, and ___.
feet, hands, fingers
77
Whiteheads are also known as ___ comedones.
closed
78
___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry, exfoliate, and help in killing bacteria.
Benzoyl peroxide
79
___ is a foul-smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that break down sweat on the surface of the skin.
Bromidrosis
80
What are small elevated growths that can easily be removed by a physician?
skin tags
81
What is a congenital disease that results in the failure of the skin to produce melanin?
albinism
82
A birthmark or congenital mole is called a ___.
nevus
83
A freckle is also known as a ___.
lentigo
84
What is the number one factor in extrinsic aging?
amount of sun exposure
85
The general appearance of ___-___ skin shows a leathery surface, irregular pigment, and numerous fine lines and wrinkles.
sun-damaged
86
the microscopic study of skin's tissue
skin histology
87
The ___ system is made up of skin and its layers.
integumentary
88
___ is the primary component of skin cells. It is a protein substance.
Keratin
89
Keratin contains what 5 elements?
COHNS: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
90
Fingernails and hair are made of ___ keratin, and skin is made of ___ keratin.
hard, soft
91
What makes the stratum corneum water-resistant?
desmosomes
92
___ cells protect the layers below the stratum corneum.
Squamous
93
The stratum lucidum is thickest on the ___ and ___.
palms, soles
94
Epidermal ridges or whorls are located on which layer of the epidermis?
stratum lucidum
95
What is the purpose of epidermal ridges or whorls?
traction and fingerprints for identification
96
Keratin is largely produced in the stratum ___.
granulosum
97
Langerhans cells are found in the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis.
spinosum
98
What is the lowest layer of the epidermis?
stratum germinativum
99
Immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells or __-cells.
T-cells
100
The stratum germinativum is also known as the ___ layer.
basal
101
The process of keratinization takes about ___ days.
28
102
specialized cellular connections that attach the epidermis to the dermis, forming the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
103
Basal cells in the basement membrane become ___.
keratinocytes
104
What are the touch receptors or sensory cells only found in the thick, hairless skin of the stratum germinativum?
Merkel cells
105
___ produce melanin, which is packaged in intracellular vesicles called ___.
Melanocytes, melanosomes
106
___ decide the type and amount of melanin produced.
Genes
107
To protect keratinocytes from UV rays, what do melanocytes do?
increase production of melanosomes
108
How much thicker is the dermis compared to the epidermis?
25 times thicker
109
What is the skin's main support structure that also nourishes the lower epidermis?
dermis
110
The connective tissues of the dermal layer are made up of a semi-fluid, jelly-like substance containing ___ cells, ___ protein, and ___ fibers.
fibroblast, collagen, elastin
111
What is responsible for the formation of fibers and aids in the production of collagen and elastin?
fibroblast cells
112
What can stretch to 2 times its normal length and contributes to skin's elasticity?
elastin
113
What makes up 70% of the dermis and is found in the bone cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues?
collagen
114
Excessive collagen may produce ___ and ___ scars.
keyloids, hypertrophic scars
115
___ cells respond to allergens by releasing histamines.
Mast
116
Which layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and capillaries?
papillary dermis
117
Does the papillary dermis have more cold thermoreceptors or more heat thermoreceptors?
3-4 times more cold receptors
118
What component of the reticular dermis helps maintain the flexibility and resilience of the skin?
water content
119
____ glands are ductless glands found in the reticular dermis. They release hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
120
____ glands are found in the reticular dermis. They release secretions into ducts, which deposit onto the skin's surface.
Exocrine
121
Are apocrine or eccrine glands of more interest to estheticians? Why?
eccrine; They open directly onto the skin's surface via pores and are mainly located on the forehead, palms, and soles of feet.
122
What is sebum?
complex mix of fatty acids
123
Why are breakouts more common on the face than the scalp?
Hair follicles, which contain sebaceous glands, are larger around facial hair than scalp hair.
124
The ___ layer is also known as the subcutis or subdermis.
subcutaneous
125
What layer gives shape and contour to the body and separates the skin from muscle?
subcutaneous layer
126
The epithelial tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
epidermis
127
The connective tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
dermis
128
The liquid tissue of the integumentary system is located in the ___.
blood and lymph
129
___ and ___ attach the dermis to subcutaneous tissue.
Collagen and elastin
130
Cell turnover and metabolism slow with age, which leads to a decrease in ___ and ___ within the epidermis.
lipids; moisture
131
___ ___ is the process of using substances such as enzymes or alpha hydroxy acids to cause a chemical reaction to remove dead skin cells.
Chemical exfoliation
132
Pore size, condition of the stratum corneum, size of product molecules, skin's oiliness, hydration level, and skin's temperatures can all affect ___.
absorption
133
Will large pores, dry skin, and smaller product molecules increase or decrease the rate of absorption?
increase
134
Will a thicker stratum corneum, warmer skin, and oily skin increase or decrease the rate of absorption?
decrease
135
What are the 4 primary methods of absorbing products into the skin?
pores, hair follicles, intercellular cement, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
136
Seborrheic dermatitis is a form of ___.
eczema
137
What is the difference between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis?
Atopic dermatitis is hereditary. Contact dermatitis is caused by an allergic reaction or irritation.
138
Psoriasis is caused by an increase in what?
growth of skin cells
139
Should skincare treatments be performed on a client with eczema?
no
140
___ is also known as urticaria. It is an allergic reaction that produced an eruption of wheals or a rash.
Hives
141
What is the difference between primary and secondary lesions?
A primary lesion is a change in the skin's structure during its early stages of development. A secondary lesion is a change in the skin's structure that appears as the disease or condition progresses.
142
Macules, wheals, papules, pustules, vesicles, nodules, and cysts are examples of ___ lesions.
primary
143
Crusts, excoriations, scales, scars, fissures, and ulcers are examples of ___ lesions.
secondary
144
A ___ is a small, usually inflamed elevation of the skin that does not contain pus, and can progress to a ___.
papule; pustule
145
Freckles are examples of primary lesions known as ___.
macules
146
A bulla is larger but similar to a ___, which is also known as a blister.
vesicle
147
A(n) ____ is a mechanical abrasion of the dermis caused by scratching a bug bite or acne.
excoriation
148
Skincare services should not be performed when ___, a visible open lesion, are present.
ulcers
149
Herpes ___, a contagious virus characterized by nerve pain on one side of the body, is also known as shingles.
Herpes Zoster
150
What is the highly contagious viral infection that lies dormant between breakouts and causes blister-like clusters on mucous membranes?
Herpes Simplex
151
Ringworm, also known as ___, is a contagious fungal disease.
tinea
152
___ ___ is an acute form of conjunctivitis that causes inflammation of the eyelids and eyeballs.
Pink eye
153
Dilated capillaries at the surface of the skin are called ___.
telangiectasia
154
Why shouldn't you touch or squeeze acne lesions?
It can spread bacteria, lead to more acne, and increase inflammation and scarring.
155
Propionibacterium is the bacteria present when ___ forms.
acne
156
___ are pearly white enclosed cysts resulting from excessive exfoliation or dermabrasion.
Milia
157
Milia occur when what 3 things combine to form a hard ball?
bacteria, sebum, dead skin cells
158
What is nodular cystic acne?
inflammatory, hard lesions found deeper in the skin than non-severe acne
159
Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderate acne with open and closed comedones and occasional papules or pustules.
2
160
Grade ___ acne is characterized by moderately severe acne with open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, and occasional cysts.
3
161
Grade ___ acne is characterized by severe acne over more than 50% of the face with numerous papules, pustules, and cysts.
4
162
Which grades of acne can be treated by an esthetician?
1, 2, 3
163
____, an acne treatment, works by inhibiting functions of the sebaceous glands and the process of keratinization.
Accutane
164
___ is a lack of perspiration caused by failure of the sudoriferous glands.
Anhidrosis
165
What is the most dangerous skin growth?
melanoma
166
What does the Fitzpatrick Scale developed by Dr. Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, an influential dermatologist, show?
how different skin types react to UV radiation
167
___ ___ is an ingredient used to dry and exfoliate. It releases oxygen, which helps kill acne-causing bacteria.
Benzoyl Peroxide
168
___ ___ are medications prescribed by a physician for use on the skin to dry and kill acne-causing bacteria.
Topical antibiotics
169
____ contains Tretinoin, a powerful derivative of Vitamin A that dries the skin and promotes rapid exfoliation.
Retin-A
170
___ acid promotes drying and cell turnover.
Azaleic acid
171
___ acid is a beta hydroxy acid that mildly dries and promotes cell turnover by producing a mild keratolytic action.
Salicylic acid
172
___ acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that breaks the bonds that connect skin cells together, allowing for cell turnover and exfoliation. Peels with this acid remove the stratum corneum and unplug clogged pores.
Glycolic acid
173
What function of the integumentary system gives the body the ability to maintain an internal body temperature?
Regulation
174
What cells cover and protect the inside of the body?
Epithelial
175
What layer of the epidermis is the toughest and acts as a barrier to moisture loss?
Stratum corneum
176
Which layer of the epidermis is also called the basal layer?
Stratum germinativum
177
Which of the following epidermal layers have intercellular connections that provide strength and support between cells?
Stratum spinosum
178
The process of product absorption into the skin is referred to as ___ ___.
transdermal penetration
179
What is the substance that binds, adds structural strength and mediates biochemical interactions between cells?
intercellular cement
180
A secondary lesion that identifies the shedding of dead skin cells on the uppermost layer of the epidermis is a ____.
scale
181
A condition caused by excess secretion of the sebaceous glands commonly associated with oily skin types is known as ____.
seborrhea
182
A small inflamed elevation filled with bacterial fluid and pus and appear red and cloudy or white is known as a ____.
pustule
183
Which of the following is an acquired skin disease characterized by white patches caused by a loss of pigment?
Vitiligo
