Ch. 4 Ecology: Microbiology Flashcards
the study of small living organisms called microbes
microbiology
microbiology
the study of small living organisms called microbes
Bacteria are ___-celled organisms.
one
Bacteria are also known as _____ or _____.
germs or microbes
pathogenic
disease-producing
nonpathogenic
nondisease-producing
Microbes can be transmitted from one client to another via _____ _____.
contaminated implements
nonpathogenic bacteria that live on dead matter
saprophytes
_____ is a process that kills microorganisms, invented by ____ ____.
Pasteurization; Louis Pasteur
the study of bacteria
bacteriology
cocci
spherical or round-shaped bacterial cells
spherical or round-shaped bacterial cells
cocci
Streptococci are ____-forming bacterial cells that have what form?
pus-forming; long chains
Septicemia, strep throat, rheumatic fever, and other serious infections are caused by which bacteria type?
streptococci
Staphylococci are ___-forming bacterial cells that have what form?
pus-forming; grape-like bunches or clusters
What bacteria type is present in abscesses, pustules, and boils?
staphylococci
Diplococci grow in what form?
pairs
What bacteria type causes pneumonia?
diplococci
What is the most common form of bacterial cells?
bacilli
What shape are bacilli?
bar or rod
What bacteria type can produce tetanus, bacterial influenza, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria?
bacilli
What shape are spirilla?
spiral, coil, corkscrew
What bacteria type causes contagious diseases like syphilis and cholera?
spirilla
What do bacteria do during the active stage?
reproduce and grow rapidly, splitting into 2 cells once its fully grown
What are favorable conditions for bacteria that can cause it to develop up to 16 million offspring in 12 hours?
dark, damp, dirty areas
What do bacteria do in the inactive stage when conditions become unfavorable?
die or create spherical spores resistant to infections, cold, and heat
Bacteria travel easily through ___ and ___.
air & water
Which two bacteria types can move by themselves and how?
bacilli & spirilla; hair-like projections called flagella or cilia that move in a wave-like motion
sub-microscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
virus
Many viruses are (pathogenic/nonpathogenic)?
pathogenic
AIDS stands for ___ ___ ___ and is caused by ___.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV
What does AIDS do to the body?
interferes with body’s natural immune system and causes it to break down
HBV stands for ___ ___ ___ and is a highly infectious disease that affects the ___.
Hepatitis B Virus; liver
HBV is preventable through ___.
vaccination
organisms that grow and feed on other living organisms and are spread via improperly disinfected implements
external parasites
External parasites contribute ___ to the host and cause ___ diseases.
nothing; contagious
____ occurs when disease-causing bacteria or viruses enter the body and multiply to the point of interfering with the body’s normal state.
Infection
growth of a parasitic organism within the body
infection
Microorganisms that cause infection are referred to as ___.
pathogens
___ ___ are transmitted through the blood or body fluids.
Bloodborne pathogens
Contagious infections or communicable diseases are caused by ____ pathogens.
airborne
What are some common means of spreading infection in the skincare center?
contact with open sores, contaminated hands or implements; exposure to coughing, sneezing, unsanitary conditions, common drinking cups or towels; use of improperly disinfected facial beds
___ diseases cause infection and are communicable by ___ ___.
Contagious; casual contact
Why aren’t all infectious diseases contagious?
not all of them can be spread through casual contact
partially inherited, natural resistance to disease
natural immunity
occurs through vaccinations, which stimulates the body’s immune response
passive (acquired) immunity
efforts to prevent the spread of disease and kill microbes; prevention of the spread of infectious agents to you or your client
infection control
asymptomatic carrier
person who carries disease-producing bacteria or viruses with no recognizable symptoms of the disease
Universal Precautions
using consistent infection-control procedures for all clients
Name the 3 levels of infection control from lowest to highest.
sanitation, disinfection, sterilization
What are some general practices of infection control, also known as infection-control procedures?
hand washing, personal protective equipment, properly disinfecting all skin care implements and surfaces
low-level destruction of surface bacteria
sanitation
eliminates bacteria, viruses, and most organisms on inanimate, non-porous surfaces
disinfection
eliminates all living organisms on non-porous surfaces, including bacterial spores
sterilization
arrest or prevent the growth of microorganisms on the skin
antiseptic
ability to produce results, effectiveness
efficacy
OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen Standard should be followed for all implements that come in contact with ___ or ___ ___. It requires the use of what kind of disinfectant?
blood or body fluids; broad-spectrum EPA-registered disinfectant labelled as effective against HIV and HBV or tuberculocidal
___ disinfectants do not eliminate bacterial spores.
Chemical
EPA stands for Environmental Protection Agency. They approve the ___ of products used for ___ ___.
efficacy, infection control
Semi-critical objects require a high level of ___ because they come in contact with ___ ___ or ___ ___.
disinfection; mucus membranes, broken skin
uses high frequency waves to disinfect instruments or pre-clean; is 16 times more effective than hand scrubbing
ultrasonic cleaning machine
OSHA stands for ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and is the regulating agency that enforces safety and health standards in the workplace.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheets and provide key information on a specific product regarding ___, associated ___, combustion levels, and ___ requirements.
ingredients, hazards, storage
Where must MSDS be kept? Who must provide it?
in an easily-accessible file in the skin care center in case of emergency; manufacturer
Critical objects require ___, because they come in contact with ___ ___ or the ___ system via puncturing or invading the skin.
sterile tissue, vascular
Name 3 types of sterilization equipment.
UV Light Sterilizer, Autoclave, Chemiclave
What kinds of products are used in sanitation?
appropriate cleaning products, antibacterial/ antimicrobial liquid soap, antiseptic
What is the difference in disinfection products used on implements that have and have not come in contact with blood?
both require a broad-spectrum, EPA-registered disinfectant, but it must be effective against HIV and HBV or tuberculocidal if implement has come in contact with blood
What kinds of products are used in sterilization?
liquid sterilant, or moist or dry heat sterilizer calibrated to specific temperatures
What are the 4 basic steps in first aid for bleeding wounds?
- Cover wound, apply pressure.
- Elevate injured limb above heart.
- When bleeding stops, apply bandage.
- Never use a tourniquet.
How can you avoid chemical burns?
wear protective gloves, perform a patch test
What are the 4 steps in first aid for a chemical burn?
- Remove product with damp cotton (water or neutralizer).
- Apply several cold compresses for several minutes at a time.
- Cover burn loosely with a clean, lint-free, dry cloth, like a sheet.
- Refer injured person for medical treatment if necessary.
What are 2 potential causes of heat burns in a skin care center?
hot wax, hot towels
When performing first aid on a heat or electrical burn, do not ___ a blister or apply ___. Do not clean the wound or remove ___ ___.
break; ointment/ cream; embedded clothing
What are potential causes of electrical burns in a skin care center?
faulty equipment, improper use of equipment
What are the 4 basic steps of first aid for choking?
- Determine if victim can talk or cough.
- If they can’t speak or get enough air, have someone call 911.
- Stand behind victim and wrap arms around their stomach.
- Perform Heimlich Maneuver.
What are the 3 basic steps of first aid for fainting?
- Turn victim onto their back and ensure they are getting enough air.
- If vomiting occurs, turn them on their side and keep the windpipe clear.
- When they regain consciousness, apply a cold compress to the face.
What are the 3 basic steps of first aid for a cut, scratch, or embedded object in the eye?
- Place a gauze pad or cloth over both eyes and secure with bandage.
- Do not try to remove the embedded object.
- Get to an eye specialist or emergency room.
What are the 3 basic steps of first aid for a chemical in the eye?
- Hold eyelids apart and flush with lukewarm water for at least 15-30 minutes.
- Place a gauze pad or cloth over both eyes and secure with bandage.
- Get to an eye specialist or emergency room.
___ live on dead matter, do not produce disease, and are considered nonpathogenic bacteria.
Saprophytes
Cocci appear singly or in groups and their shape is ___.
round
Which is a common means of spreading infection?
coughing or sneezing
How are the common cold and measles similar?
communicable
What occurs when the circulatory system carries bacteria and their toxins to all parts of the body?
general infection
A product ___ label describes what a product is effective in fighting against.
efficacy
Where do you find key information on a specific product regarding ingredients, associated hazards, combustion levels, and storage requirements?
product MSDS
At what level of infection control are all bacteria killed or destroyed?
sterilization
the study of small organisms
microbiology
Do saprophytes produce disease?
no
Which type of bacterial cell is coiled and can cause highly contagious diseases?
spirilla
How does the size of viruses compare to the size of bacteria?
much smaller
Is strep throat caused by a bacteria or virus?
bacteria
Plants or animals that live on or obtain nutrients from another organism are called ___ ___.
external parasites
The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard requires the use of an EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant or an EPA-registered disinfectant labeled as effective against ___ and ___.
HIV and HBV
What is the regulating agency under the Department of Labor that enforces safety and health standards in the workplace?
OSHA
What group approves the efficacy of disinfectants?
EPA
Implements that come in contact with a client must be ___ or ___.
disinfected or discarded
When disinfecting an implement, it is important to ___ the implement.
pre-clean
When storing chemical disinfecting agents, it is important to remember it takes time to ___ ___.
destroy microbes
What is the first step to take when exposed to a client’s blood during a procedure?
stop the service and wash your hands
A bleeding wound should be treated by applying pressure with ___ and a ___ ___.
gauze, gloved hand
What is the first action taken if you suspect someone is choking?
determine if the victim can talk or cough
Spherical or round-shaped bacterial cells that appear singularly or in groups are called…
cocci
A sub-microscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts is called a…
virus
What is a highly infectious disease which affects the liver?
HBV
What is a highly infectious disease that interferes with the body’s natural immune system?
AIDS
Head lice, itch mites, ringworm, and nail fungus are all diseases caused by…
external parasites
The growth of a parasitic organism within the body is known as…
infection
A contagious, potentially fatal infection caused by airborne bacteria that first affects the lungs is called…
tuberculosis
Products used to arrest or prevent the growth of microorganisms on the skin are called…
antiseptics
Instruments can be pre-cleaned using…
high-frequency energy waves
Key information proving helpful during an allergic reaction related to product usage can be found on the…
MSDS
Why can’t sponges & disposable files be properly disinfected?
They are porous products.
What machine uses UV light go kill bacteria in a dry setting?
UV light sterilizer
What machine uses pressurized steam to sterilize critical implements?
Steam autoclave
What machine sterilizes surgical instruments with high- pressure, high-temperature vapor?
Chemiclave
