Ch. 7: Chemistry Flashcards
____ chemistry deals with all matter that is now living or was alive.
Organic
The process of a substance losing an electron is called _____.
oxidation
_____ are matter with a definite weight and volume but no shape.
Liquids
_____ are matter with a definite weight, volume, and shape.
Solids
What is the branch of science that deals with chemicals and their reactions within the body?
biochemistry
____ is the basic material the body uses to construct itself.
Protein
What is a mixture of two or more chemicals in which each component is evenly dispersed?
Solution
____ water may contain salts such as calcium and magnesium.
Hard
What is an even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base?
Suspension
Which ingredient is compatible with both water and oil?
Emulsifier
What makes up the largest percentage of many cosmetic skin care products?
Water
What is the scientific study of matter and the physical and chemical changes affecting matter?
Chemistry
Which type of chemistry deals with all matter that is not alive or never will be?
Inorganic chemistry
Skin care lotions are an example of what form of matter?
Liquid
The joining of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is an example of _____ change.
chemical
A change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition is an example of _____ change.
physical
All matter–whether living or non-living, solid, liquid, or gas–is made up of ____.
elements
The ____ ____ identifies how many protons are in a single atom of an element.
atomic number
Which of the following are the smallest complete units of an element?
atoms
The part of the atom that has no electrical charge is the _____.
neutrons
What is the chemical symbol for sulfur?
S
What types of atoms have evenly paired electrons in their outermost orbit shell?
Stable atoms
When no “trading” is taking place and the atoms are sharing the electrons, they are held together by a(n)…
covalent bond
What are the 3 major biochemical compound groups?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
What is the measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline?
pH
What is the normal pH of skin?
4.5-5.5
What is a substance consisting of two non-mixable substances?
Emulsions
What are the oils and oil-soluble substances named that are used to condition and soften the skin?
Emollients
Which common ingredient group has benefits that include being anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-irritant, and anti-oxidant?
Botanicals
What active ingredient is used to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals?
Antioxidants
What current government agency is responsible for regulation of cosmetics?
FDA
What is a group of products intended to treat symptoms or cure a medical condition?
Drugs
____ is the study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction, and respiration, that occur within a living organism.
Biochemistry
____ ____ deals with all matter that is now living or was living.
Organic chemistry
Water freezing to form ice cubes is an example of ____ change.
physical
During a physical change, is there a change in chemical structure?
No
____ is the ability to do work to accomplish some change.
Energy
_____ are basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.
Elements
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
92
What is the unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities?
Periodic law
What is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust?
Oxygen
What does the chemical behavior of an atom mostly depend upon?
The number of electrons present in the outermost orbiting path or shell
A ____ is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound.
molecule
____ are created by chemically uniting two different elements.
Compounds
Scientists have identified more than ____ chemical compounds.
4 million
True or False: Compounds have their own unique chemical and physical characteristics.
True
When positive and negative ions join, how are they held together?
by an ionic bond
____ is when a substance gains an electron and oxygen is released.
Reduction
What are the forces that hold atoms together in compounds called?
chemical bonds
____ help the body construct and renew itself.
Proteins
There are ___ common amino acids.
22
____ serve as building blocks that connect with each other to form larger, more complex compounds.
Monomers
What does the body use to create and store energy?
proteins and carbohydrates
Carbohydrates play a key role in ____.
metabolism
Carbohydrates contain a combination of what 3 elements arranged in a chain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; C H O
____ release a hydrogen ion and are positively charged.
Acids
The pH scale is ___, which means each each step increases by multiples of 10.
logarithmic
What is the range of the pH scale?
0 - 14
Where are acids located on the pH scale?
below 7
What number is a neutral pH?
7
Pure distilled water has a pH of ___.
7
___ water contains very few minerals.
Soft
A ____ is formed when two or more compounds are blended together physically.
mixture
Most skin care products are what product type?
mixtures
The liquid part of a solution is called the ___ and the solid, or dissolved part, is called the ___.
solvent; solute
____ is known as a universal solvent.
Water
In cosmetics, solution-type products tend to use ___ as a solvent.
water
A(n) ___ is a product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity.
gel
___ is a finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients.
Powder
A(n) ___ is an anhydrous substance with the texture of a paste.
ointment
A(n) ____ is a product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant (gas) inside a container.
aerosol
A(n) ____ is a mixture of 2 or more immiscible (non-mixable) substances united by small droplets of a binder.
emulsion
___ are organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin.
Humectants
Emollients are usually in concentrations ranging between __% and __% in products.
2% - 10%
___ ___ come from both plant and animal sources and are used in cosmetic products to keep them firm yet soft, and easy to apply to the skin.
Fatty acids
____ are a large category of ingredients with surface activity that have the ability to bind a wide range of organic and inorganic matter to water.
Surfactants
What are ingredients that help increase density in emulsions and gel-type products?
thickeners or viscosity modifiers
____ are included in cosmetic products to maintain microbiological integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use.
Preservatives
What are the ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative?
chelating agents
What is the term for when a product is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction?
hypoallergenic
Why isn’t Fragrance listed individually on product labels?
it’s a complex blend of many essential oils and other compounds
What is used to cover or mask undesirable odors in the product base?
fragrance
What is the range of concentration for fragrance?
0.1% - 0.5%
____ ingredients destroy bacteria that can cause problems like acne or other infections.
Antibacterial
What is the term for ingredients that are likely to block or clog the pores and contribute to pimples?
comedogenic
What are ingredients used in certain types of treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals?
antioxidants
___ ___ are chemically unstable molecules caused by environmental pollutants and UV exposure.
Free radicals
What are organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources?
hydroxy acids
What skin renewal agent speeds up the natural exfoliation process and helps resolve blemishes and discoloration?
hydroxy acids
If the carboxyl group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain, the ingredient is categorized as a ____ hydroxy acid.
beta
____ hydroxy acids are molecules that contain several carboxyl groups in the same chain.
Poly
____ are commonly used to deliver a variety of benefits to the skin.
Vitamins
What ingredients are used to bleach or lighten areas of hyperpigmentation?
lighteners
How do lighteners work?
by slowly blocking the production of melanin
Which skin renewal agent usually takes months of continued use to deliver a noticeable effect?
lighteners
Are lighteners used at relatively high or low levels of concentration?
relatively low
The government authority responsible for regulating cosmetics is the ____.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
What does FFDCA stand for?
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
What does FPLA stand for?
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
The FFDA defines ____ as “articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on or introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body or as part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance, and articles intended for use as a component of any such articles; except that such a term shall not include soaps.”
cosmetics
___ are products intended to treat symptoms or cure medical conditions.
Drugs
The promotion and advertising of cosmetics and many other products is regulated by the FTC, also known as the ___ ___ ___.
Federal Trade Commission
Are sunscreens considered drugs or cosmetics?
drugs
What is the difference between a mixture and an emulsion?
An emulsion consists of two immiscible or difficult-to-mix liquids. A mixture is two or more miscible compounds blended together.
When unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons, a ____ is formed.
molecule
Changes in matter (always/sometimes/never) involve either gain or loss of energy.
always
Organic chemistry is the study of matter containing ___.
carbon
Does matter dealt with by inorganic chemistry contain carbon?
no
Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Who organized the periodic table of the elements?
Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer
Anything that occupies space is called ____.
matter
Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape are ____.
gases
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance is a ___ ___.
chemical change
What is the primary basis for organization of the periodic table?
atomic number
Electrons have a ___ charge.
negative
Protons have a ___ charge.
positive
The molecular weight or atomic mass of each element is determined by…
number of protons + number of neutrons
Compounds are formed by the union of individual ___.
elements
What are materials that dissolve and break down large molecules into smaller ones?
enzymes
Amino acids join together in chains to form ___.
proteins
Amino acids consist of what four elements?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen; COHN
A simple unit of a carbohydrate is called a ____.
saccharide
____ is a term used to describe a base.
Alkaline
A mixture of sebum and sweat combined with lipids, minerals, and moisture to form a protective barrier for the skin is called the ___ ___.
acid mantle
In regards to pH, you should treat each client with products that…
balance the individual’s pH
The term that describes when a solute will no longer dissolve evenly in the solvent is the ___ ___.
saturation point
Solvents that easily mix together are ____.
miscible
A hard, low-level water or anhydrous product used by rubbing the product directly on the skin is a(n) ____.
stick
What ingredient is compatible with both water and oil?
emulsifier
___ ingredients are responsible for producing the desired effect.
active
Emollients provide a protective barrier called a(n) ___ ___.
occlusive barrier
What has the ability to bind a wide variety of organic and inorganic matter to water?
surfactants
What are the only substances no soluble in water?
organic substances
What allows for the suspension of small particle solids in a base by creating a supporting structure to prevent settling?
thickeners
What are vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance its appearance?
coloring agents
Acids or bases used to adjust the desired product pH level are called ___ ___.
pH adjustors
What is the range of concentration for sunscreen?
2% - 7%
___ are used in products to block or absorb ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun.
Sunscreens
What is a non-comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel?
cyclomethicone
___ ___ are extracted from a variety of natural sources, such as fruits, sugars, and milk.
Hydroxy acids
____ include monosaccharides such as glucose.
Carbohydrates
Fats, steroids and triglycerides are all examples of ____.
lipids
Are aerosols environmentally friendly to discard?
no
The even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base is called a ____.
suspension
Two or more compounds blended physically is called a(n) ____.
mixture
