Ch 6 Bones and bone structures

Question 1

Skeletal system

Answer 1

The system includes bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and other connective tissues

Question 2

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system

Answer 2

Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage

Question 3

Bones are classified by their?

Answer 3

Shape and structure

Question 4

What are the different bone shapes

Answer 4

Sutural
Irregular
Short
Flat
Long
Sesmoid

Question 5

Sutural bones / wormian bones

Answer 5

Small, flat, regularly shaped bones
Between the flat bones of the skull
The number May vary among individuals

Question 6

Irregular bones

Answer 6

These have complex shapes
Examples are your spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones

Question 7

Short bones

Answer 7

These are boxy
Examples are your carpal bones and tarsal bones

Question 8

Flat bones

Answer 8

Thin with parallel surface
Examples are the bones of your skull roof your sternum ribs and scapulae

Question 9

Long bones

Answer 9

These are long and slender
Examples are in your arms legs palms soles fingers and toes

Question 10

Sesamoid bone

Answer 10

These are usually small round and flat
Develop within tendons near joints
Example is your patella or your kneecap

Question 11

Bone markings

Answer 11

Are the surface features of your bone

Question 12

Projections

Answer 12

Areas where muscles tendons and ligaments May attach or at articulations with your other bones

Question 13

Openings and depressions

Answer 13

These are for passage of blood vessels and your nerves

Question 14

Diaphysis/shaft

Answer 14

This is part of a long bone
Wall of compact bone in central space called medullary cavity or marrow cavity

Question 15

Ephiphysis

Answer 15

The wide part at the end of each long bone
This is mostly made of spongy bone

Question 16

Metaphysis

Answer 16

This is the area where the diaphysis and the Epiphysis meet

Question 17

What are the four types of bone cells

Answer 17

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 18

Osteogenic cells

Answer 18

Also called osteoporogenitor cells
Located in intercellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum
These assist in fracture repair

Question 19

Osteoblasts

Answer 19

These are immature cells that produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis or ossification

Osteoblasts that are surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes

Question 20

Osteocytes

Answer 20

Mature bone cells that do not divide they live in the lacunae between layers of The matrix
The two major functions are maintaining protein and mineral content of matrix and helping repair damaged bone

Question 21

Osteoclast

Answer 21

Absorb and remove bone matrix
These are derived from the same stem cells that produce monocytes and macrophages

Question 22

Spongy bone

Answer 22

Bone that lacks osteons The matrix forms and open network of trabeculae
This in turn makes the bone look like a sponge.

Bone marrow fill spaces between trebekulae

Question 23

Red bone marrow

Answer 23

Fill spaces between the trabeculae and spongy bone
Forms red blood cells and contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion

Question 24

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 24

Is found in other sites of spongy bone and stores fat

Question 25

Periosteum

Answer 25

Is the membrane that covers the outside of Bones except within the joint cavities

This also helps to increase strength of attachment by perforating fibers that become incorporated into the bones tissue

Question 26

Ossification

Answer 26

Also called osteogenesis
This is bone formation

Question 27

Calcification

Answer 27

The deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification

Question 28

Some humans bones can grow until what age

Answer 28

25

Question 29

Fractures

Answer 29

Are cracks or breaks in Bones due to physical stress

Question 30

Osteopenia

Answer 30

Inadequate ossification / reduction of bone
The speed winds between ages 30 and 40 women tend to lose 8% of bone mass per decade and men lose three

Question 31

Osteoporosis

Answer 31

Severe loss of bone mass
This compromise is the normal function of Bones
Generally over the age of 45 and occurs in 29% of women and 18% of men