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Human A+P 1. Spring 23 > Ch 3 Cellular level of organization > Flashcards

Ch 3 Cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory

A
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2
Q

Cell theory

A

1cells are the building blocks of all organisms
2 all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
3cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
4 each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

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3
Q

What are the two types of cells

A

Sex cells and sematic cells

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4
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane or cell membrane separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

Physical isolation

Regulation of exchange with the environment

Sensitivity to the environment

Structural support

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6
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer

A

Makes up the cell membrane it is two layers of phospholipids

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Are proteins within the membrane they also outnumber peripheral proteins

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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to enter or outer surfaces of the membrane

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9
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Are used to stabilize the position of the cell

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10
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Also called identifiers, they label the cells as normal or abnormal this is very important to the immune system

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyzed reactions

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12
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Find and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

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13
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Transport specific solutes through the membrane

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14
Q

Channels

A

Regulate water flow and solutes passing through the membrane gated channels open or close to regulate passage of the substances

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside of the

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

Also called intracellular fluid is a mixture of water and various insoluble and dissolved materials

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17
Q

Organelles

A

Structures with specific functions better inside the cell

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18
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A

They have no membrane and direct contact with the cytosol some examples are the cytoskeleton centrioles ribosomes proteasomes microvilli cilia and flagella

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19
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Are isolated from cytosol by a plasma membrane
Some examples are the endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes and mitochondria

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20
Q

How do the cytosol and extracellular fluid differ

A

The levels of sodium and potassium are different

The suspended protein concentration differ

And nutrient concentrations differ

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21
Q

Inclusions

A

Masses of insoluble material in cells

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins for shape and strength

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules are what make up the cytoskeleton

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23
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thin filaments composed of the protein actin
This provides mechanical strength it interacts with other proteins to ingest consistency of the cytosol and interacts with thick filaments of myosin for muscle contractions it also helps anchor the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules most durable part of the whole cytoskeleton they stabilize the position of the organelles and the cell position

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25
Microtubules
Large hollow tubes of tubing proteins These attached to the centrum strengthen cell and anchor organelles change the cell's shape moves organelles within the cell with the help of motor proteins forms the spindle apparatus to distribute chromosomes and form centrioles and cilia of the organelles
26
Microvilli
Increase surface area for absorption and attached to the cytoskeleton
27
Centrioles
Form spindle apparatus during cell division
28
Cilia or cilium
Slender extensions of plasma membrane that move fluid across the cell surface
29
Flagellum
Is whip like extension of the cell membrane that helps the cell move
30
Ribosomes
Organelles that synthesize proteins
31
Proteasomes
Organelles that contain enzymes and disassemble damage proteins for recycling by removing the proteins from the cytoplasm and tagging them
32
What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum
1 synthesis of proteins carbohydrates and lipids 2 storage of synthesized molecules and material 3 transport of materials within the endoplasmic reticulum 4 detoxification of drugs or other toxins
33
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do
It synthesizes 1 phospholipids and cholesterol for membranes 2 steroid hormones for a reproductive system 3 glycerides for storage and liver and fat cells 4 glycogen for storage in muscle and liver cells
34
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do
It chemically modifies synthesized proteins packages them, ships them to the golgi apparatus
35
Golgi apparatus
Is an organelle that looks like a stack of dinner plates usually by the nucleus a cell can have more than one generally has five disc like folds
36
What does Golgi apparatus do
Modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release from the cell ads or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins modifies the plasma membrane and packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm
37
Lysosomes
Powerful enzyme containing vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus They have numerous functions like removing damaged organelles help destroy bacteria and other debris
38
Autolysis
Self destruction of damaged or inactive cells
39
Peroxisomes
Small enzyme containing vesicles Sarah produced by division breakdown organic compounds such as fatty acids produce radical hydrogen peroxide in catalyst converts H2O2 to oxygen and water
40
Mitochondria
Is the PowerHouse of the cell Takes chemical energy from food, containing glucose. And produces the energy molecule ATP
41
Nucleus
Is the largest organelle and the cells control center the nucleus decide cell structure and function
42
Histones
Are proteins associated with DNA of the nucleus; the DNA strands are wound around them
43
Nucleosomes
Is the DNA coiled around the histones
44
Gene
A portion of DNA strand a hereditary unit located at a particular site on a specific chromosome and codes for specific protein or polypeptides
45
Why is the genetic code called a triple code
Because a sequence of three nitrogenous bases represent a single amino acid making the information encoded in the sequence of nitrogenous bases must be read in groups of three
46
Protein synthesis
Assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm
47
Gene activation
Uncoiling DNA and temporarily removing his stones
48
Transcription
The encoding of genetic instructions on mRNA
49
Translation
Is the process of peptide formation from the instructions carried by a mRNA strand
50
A codon is
A sequence of three nitrogenous bases along an mRNA strand that will specify the location of a single amino acid on a peptide chain
51
Mutations
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA in a cell They are permanent changes and it can alter one or many cells
52
Permeability
Determines what moves in and out of a cell
53
Selective permeability
Allows some materials to move freely while restricts other materials based on their size electrical charge molecular shape or lipid solubility
54
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
55
Concentration gradient
Difference between high and low concentrations of a substance
56
What factors influence diffusion
1Distance Smaller equals faster diffusion 2Temperature More heat equals faster diffusion 3 concentration gradient Steeper gradient equals faster diffusion 4 electrical forces Opposites attract, like charges repel
57
Osmosis is Well diffusion is
Osmosis Is the movement of water While diffusion is the movement of solutes
58
Osmosis
Is the movement of water across a selectively premium mobile membrane from one solution that contains a high solute concentration
59
Osmotic pressure
The force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of solute concentration
60
Osmolarity or osmotic concentration
Is the total solute concentration in a solution
61
Tonicity
Describes how a solution affects cells
62
Isotonic solutions
Iso/same, tonos/tension Does not cause osmotic flow
63
Hypotonic solution
Hypo/blow Lower solute concentration than the cell
64
Hypertonic solution
Hyper/above Higher solute concentration than the cell
65
Symport (cotransport)
Two substances move in the same direction at the same time
66
Antiport (countertransport)
One substance moves in while another substance moves out
67
Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of a substance across a plasma membrane by means of a protein carrier
68
Active transport
The ATP dependent absorption or secretion of solutes across a plasma membrane
69
Endocytosis
The movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm by the formation of a membranous vesicle at the cell's surface this includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis
70
Pinocytosis
Is the introduction of fluids into the cytoplasm by enclosing them in membranous vesicles at the cell's surface,
71
Phagocytosis
Be engulfing of extracellular materials or pathogens the movement of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a membranous vesicle
72
When positive and negative charges are separated what is created
Potential difference
73
Interphase
9 dividing. In which somatic cells spend the majority of their lives
74
Mitosis
Duplication of chromosomes in the nucleus and their separation into two identical sets This is a continuous process consisting of several stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
75
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm this is the end result of the m phase it takes place after mitosis and produces two daughter cells
76
Tumor
Mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division
77
Benign tumor
Is it contained mass that is not life-threatening unless large
78
Malignant tumor
Spreads into surrounding tissues/invasion.

Human A+P 1. Spring 23 (17 decks)

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