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Human A+P 1. Spring 23 > Ch 3 Cellular level of organization > Flashcards

Ch 3 Cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory

A
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2
Q

Cell theory

A

1cells are the building blocks of all organisms
2 all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
3cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
4 each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

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3
Q

What are the two types of cells

A

Sex cells and sematic cells

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4
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane or cell membrane separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

Physical isolation

Regulation of exchange with the environment

Sensitivity to the environment

Structural support

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6
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer

A

Makes up the cell membrane it is two layers of phospholipids

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Are proteins within the membrane they also outnumber peripheral proteins

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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to enter or outer surfaces of the membrane

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9
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Are used to stabilize the position of the cell

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10
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Also called identifiers, they label the cells as normal or abnormal this is very important to the immune system

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyzed reactions

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12
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Find and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

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13
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Transport specific solutes through the membrane

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14
Q

Channels

A

Regulate water flow and solutes passing through the membrane gated channels open or close to regulate passage of the substances

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside of the

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

Also called intracellular fluid is a mixture of water and various insoluble and dissolved materials

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17
Q

Organelles

A

Structures with specific functions better inside the cell

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18
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A

They have no membrane and direct contact with the cytosol some examples are the cytoskeleton centrioles ribosomes proteasomes microvilli cilia and flagella

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19
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Are isolated from cytosol by a plasma membrane
Some examples are the endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes and mitochondria

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20
Q

How do the cytosol and extracellular fluid differ

A

The levels of sodium and potassium are different

The suspended protein concentration differ

And nutrient concentrations differ

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21
Q

Inclusions

A

Masses of insoluble material in cells

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins for shape and strength

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules are what make up the cytoskeleton

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23
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thin filaments composed of the protein actin
This provides mechanical strength it interacts with other proteins to ingest consistency of the cytosol and interacts with thick filaments of myosin for muscle contractions it also helps anchor the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules most durable part of the whole cytoskeleton they stabilize the position of the organelles and the cell position

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25
Q

Microtubules

A

Large hollow tubes of tubing proteins
These attached to the centrum strengthen cell and anchor organelles change the cell’s shape moves organelles within the cell with the help of motor proteins forms the spindle apparatus to distribute chromosomes and form centrioles and cilia of the organelles

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26
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption and attached to the cytoskeleton

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27
Q

Centrioles

A

Form spindle apparatus during cell division

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28
Q

Cilia or cilium

A

Slender extensions of plasma membrane that move fluid across the cell surface

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29
Q

Flagellum

A

Is whip like extension of the cell membrane that helps the cell move

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30
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles that synthesize proteins

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31
Q

Proteasomes

A

Organelles that contain enzymes and disassemble damage proteins for recycling by removing the proteins from the cytoplasm and tagging them

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32
Q

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

1 synthesis of proteins carbohydrates and lipids
2 storage of synthesized molecules and material
3 transport of materials within the endoplasmic reticulum
4 detoxification of drugs or other toxins

33
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

A

It synthesizes
1 phospholipids and cholesterol for membranes
2 steroid hormones for a reproductive system
3 glycerides for storage and liver and fat cells
4 glycogen for storage in muscle and liver cells

34
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A

It chemically modifies synthesized proteins packages them, ships them to the golgi apparatus

35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Is an organelle that looks like a stack of dinner plates usually by the nucleus a cell can have more than one generally has five disc like folds

36
Q

What does Golgi apparatus do

A

Modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release from the cell ads or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins modifies the plasma membrane and packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm

37
Q

Lysosomes

A

Powerful enzyme containing vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

They have numerous functions like removing damaged organelles help destroy bacteria and other debris

38
Q

Autolysis

A

Self destruction of damaged or inactive cells

39
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small enzyme containing vesicles

Sarah produced by division breakdown organic compounds such as fatty acids produce radical hydrogen peroxide in catalyst converts H2O2 to oxygen and water

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

Is the PowerHouse of the cell
Takes chemical energy from food, containing glucose. And produces the energy molecule ATP

41
Q

Nucleus

A

Is the largest organelle and the cells control center the nucleus decide cell structure and function

42
Q

Histones

A

Are proteins associated with DNA of the nucleus; the DNA strands are wound around them

43
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Is the DNA coiled around the histones

44
Q

Gene

A

A portion of DNA strand a hereditary unit located at a particular site on a specific chromosome and codes for specific protein or polypeptides

45
Q

Why is the genetic code called a triple code

A

Because a sequence of three nitrogenous bases represent a single amino acid making the information encoded in the sequence of nitrogenous bases must be read in groups of three

46
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm

47
Q

Gene activation

A

Uncoiling DNA and temporarily removing his stones

48
Q

Transcription

A

The encoding of genetic instructions on mRNA

49
Q

Translation

A

Is the process of peptide formation from the instructions carried by a mRNA strand

50
Q

A codon is

A

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases along an mRNA strand that will specify the location of a single amino acid on a peptide chain

51
Q

Mutations

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA in a cell

They are permanent changes and it can alter one or many cells

52
Q

Permeability

A

Determines what moves in and out of a cell

53
Q

Selective permeability

A

Allows some materials to move freely while restricts other materials based on their size electrical charge molecular shape or lipid solubility

54
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

55
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference between high and low concentrations of a substance

56
Q

What factors influence diffusion

A

1Distance
Smaller equals faster diffusion

2Temperature
More heat equals faster diffusion

3 concentration gradient
Steeper gradient equals faster diffusion

4 electrical forces
Opposites attract, like charges repel

57
Q

Osmosis is
Well diffusion is

A

Osmosis Is the movement of water
While diffusion is the movement of solutes

58
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the movement of water across a selectively premium mobile membrane from one solution that contains a high solute concentration

59
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of solute concentration

60
Q

Osmolarity or osmotic concentration

A

Is the total solute concentration in a solution

61
Q

Tonicity

A

Describes how a solution affects cells

62
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

Iso/same, tonos/tension
Does not cause osmotic flow

63
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Hypo/blow
Lower solute concentration than the cell

64
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Hyper/above
Higher solute concentration than the cell

65
Q

Symport (cotransport)

A

Two substances move in the same direction at the same time

66
Q

Antiport (countertransport)

A

One substance moves in while another substance moves out

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passive movement of a substance across a plasma membrane by means of a protein carrier

68
Q

Active transport

A

The ATP dependent absorption or secretion of solutes across a plasma membrane

69
Q

Endocytosis

A

The movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm by the formation of a membranous vesicle at the cell’s surface this includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis

70
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Is the introduction of fluids into the cytoplasm by enclosing them in membranous vesicles at the cell’s surface,

71
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Be engulfing of extracellular materials or pathogens the movement of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a membranous vesicle

72
Q

When positive and negative charges are separated what is created

A

Potential difference

73
Q

Interphase

A

9 dividing. In which somatic cells spend the majority of their lives

74
Q

Mitosis

A

Duplication of chromosomes in the nucleus and their separation into two identical sets

This is a continuous process consisting of several stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

75
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm this is the end result of the m phase it takes place after mitosis and produces two daughter cells

76
Q

Tumor

A

Mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division

77
Q

Benign tumor

A

Is it contained mass that is not life-threatening unless large

78
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Spreads into surrounding tissues/invasion.

Human A+P 1. Spring 23 (17 decks)

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