Ch 17 The special senses Flashcards by H Feddersen

Identify the fluid filled space between the cornea and iris.

Anterior chamber

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Identify the structure that regulates the amount of light entering the posterior segment of the eye.

Iris

The iris is a muscular structure composed of both circular and radially arranged smooth muscle cells. It is capable of changing the shape of the pupil, thereby adjusting the amount of light passing through the lens.

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Identify the areas that are filled with aqueous humor.

The anterior and posterior chambers

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The iris divides the eye into the anterior and posterior segment

False

The lens divides the eye into the anterior segment, located in front of the lens, and the posterior segment, located behind the lens.

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The pupil can adjust its size independent of the iris.

false

The iris changes the diameter of the opening at its center, which is known as the pupil.

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The wall of the eye has three layers. The outermost fibrous layer is made up of the opaque white sclera and the transparent __________.

cornea

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At the optic chiasma, the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side.

True

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Identify the type of neuronal cell that detects bright light and provides high-resolution color vision.

The cone cells are photoreceptor cells that require brighter light, By differentiating input from three different types of cones, the brain can differentiate color and high resolution.

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The ________ carry tears into the nasal cavity

nasolacrimal ducts

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Of the glands listed here, which one produces the oily substance that covers the conjunctiva?

tarsal glands

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The photoreceptors in the retina that detect light are _____

rods and cones

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The visual pathway terminates in this cortical area.

visual cortex

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This extrinsic eye muscle elevates the eye and turns it medially.

superior rectus

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The ________ is a blind spot on the retina, while the ________ contains only cones and is the retinal area of greatest visual acuity.

optic disc, fovea centralis

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The anterior segment of the eye contains a fluid called ________

aqueous humor

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The retinal cells that are closest to the vascular layer are the ________.

rods and cones

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Axons of ganglion cells form the optic tract. These fibers synapse with neurons in the ________

thalamus

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Contraction of muscles within this structure leads to alteration in the shape of the lens.

ciliary body

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Photoreceptors are distributed over the entire neural retina, except where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. This site is called the _________

optic disc

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People with difficulty seeing objects at a distance are said to have myopia.

True

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__________ eye muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Intrinsic

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What term refers to the eye’s moving medially to track items close at hand?

convergence

Convergence is the medial rotation of the eyeballs by the medial rectus muscles so that we can fixate on a close object.

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The image formed on the retina as light passes through the eye is reversed left to right, inverted, and smaller than the object. It is called a ________ image.

real

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The normal, or ________, eye accommodates properly.

emmetropic

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Astigmatism ________.

results from irregular curvatures of the lens or cornea

The results of a test of visual acuity are 20/15. This individual ________.

has better than normal vision

Binocular vision ________.

provides depth perception (three-dimensional vision)

This type of examination allows one to study the interior of the eyeball.

an ophthalmoscopic examination

The ear is divided into __________ major areas.

Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus eventually encounter the __________, which then vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves hitting it.

tympanic membrane

The snail-like __________, found in the internal ear, contains sensory receptors for hearing.

cochlea

The equilibrium apparatus of the ear, the vestibular apparatus, is found in the __________.

internal ear

Nystagmus is __________.

involuntary trailing of eyes in one direction, then rapid movement in the other

What type of fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

endolymph

Sound waves pass through this canal on their way toward the eardrum.

external acoustic meatu

The bony labyrinth is part of the ________.

internal ear

The cochlear duct (scala media) contains ______

endolymph

The hair cells that detect sound vibrations lie on the ________ membrane.

basilar

Sound localization can be tested by ________.

listening for the tick of a watch as the watch is held in various locations around the head

Within the inner ear, this structure is involved in dynamic equilibrium.

the semicircular canals

Hair cells in the crista ampullaris are ________.

embedded in a gelatinous cap

The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube connects the ________ to the nasopharynx.

middle ear

Which of the following might cause sensorineural deafness?

listening to very loud music on a daily basis

The auditory ossicles transmit and amplify sound waves in the middle ear. In sequence, sound waves pass from: ________.

malleus—incus—stapes.

Why is it difficult for "weightless" astronauts in space to know whether they are right side up or upside down?

Maculae that report head position depend upon the gravitational pull on the otoliths.

Which of the following structures in the inner ear is involved in dynamic equilibrium?

semicircular canals

Receptors for olfaction and taste are classified as chemoreceptors because they respond to dissolved chemicals.

True

Olfactory receptors are __________ sensory neurons whose olfactory cilia extend outward from the epithelium.

bipolar

Vallate papillae are arranged in a V formation on the __________ surface of the tongue.

posterior

Taste buds typically respond optimally to one of the five basic taste sensations.

True

You will use absorbent cotton and oil of wintergreen, peppermint, or cloves to test for olfactory _________

adaptation

Name the types of papillae that contain taste buds.

fungiform, foliate, and vallate

Olfactory receptor cells differ from all other receptors for special senses in that they ________.

are neurons

Nerve fibers from the olfactory bulb project directly to ________.

the olfactory cortex (uncus)

Taste receptor cells are found in structures called ________.

taste buds

Which structures form a V-shape on the posterior portion of the tongue?

vallate papillae

Acids primarily activate receptors that respond to ________ tastes.

sour

Salty taste seems to be due to ________.

Na+ ions

The axons of olfactory receptor cells constitute _______

CN I

Tastes associated with caffeine, quinine, or aspirin are detected primarily by ________ taste receptors.

bitter

Adaptation of the olfactory epithelium ________.

occurs readily in the presence of odorants

________ are precursor cells that give rise to new gustatory epithelial cells.

Basal epithelial cells

Taste buds on the tongue are often associated with epithelial projections called

lingual papillae

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

constriction; dilation

A type of farsightedness that results from a loss of lens elasticity with age is

presbyopia.

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin

An abnormal blind spot appearing in vision is called a(n)

scotoma

The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the

vitreous humor.

A structure that is located at the medial angle and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

lacrimal caruncle.

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in

maculae

The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as

a cataract.

The primary cause of blindness in the United States is

diabetic retinopathy.

Between the bony and membranous labyrinth flows ________, while the membranous labyrinth contains ________.

perilymph; endolymph

Which of the following types of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex directly?

olfactory

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.

bony labyrinth

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

iris.

Olfactory glands

coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.

Jonathan received a strong blow to the eye. The eyeball remained intact but he suddenly could not see. This has likely caused

a detached retina.

Stimulation of receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

peppery hot.

A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would

be high-pitched.

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (called taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

microvilli

The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the

ampullary crest.