Ch 1 Intro Into A+P Flashcards
a midsagittal section of the body would pass through the
Heart
what is anatomy
describes the structures of the body.
(what they are made of, what they look like and where they are located)
what is physiology
the study of the functions of anatomical structures individually and how they work as a unit.
Gross anatomy
also called macroscopic anatomy, examines large visible structures (can be seen with the naked eye)
microscopic anatomy
examines the cells and moleculed (cytology and histology) needs a microscope to examine most.
cell physiology
the study of cells
organ physiology
functions of specific organs
systemic physiology
functions of organ systems
pathological physiology
effects of diseases on the organs or systems
chemical level of organization
atoms and molecules
cellular level of organization
the level that studies cells as a whole
tissue level of organization
the level that studies the tissues that makeup the organs
organ level of organization
organs are two or more tissues working together
organ system level of organization
an organ system is a group of interacting organs that work together
organism level of organization
an individual life form is an organism
integumentary system (organs and function)
Skin
hair
sweat glands
nails
It helps protect against the outside environment, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
Houses glands
skeletal system (organs and functions)
bones
cartilages
associated ligaments
bone marrow
provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals
forms blood cells
Muscular system (organs and functions)
Skeletal muscles
associated tendons
provides movement, protection and support for tissues, generates heat that maintains the body temperature
nervous system (organs and functions)
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinated and moderated the organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information.
how many organ systems are there in the body
11 (12 if you count both reproductive seperate)
endocrine system (organs and functions)
pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
pancreas and gonads
endocrine tissues in other systems
directs long term changes in other organ systems
adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular system (organs and functions)
heart
blood
blood vessels
distributes blood cells, water, nutrients. waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
distributes heat to control body temp
lymphatic system (organs and functions)
spleen
thymus
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
tonsils
defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory system (organs and functions)
nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli
delivers air to alveoli
provides oxygen to the bloodstream, removed carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
produces sounds for communication
Digestive system (organs and functions)
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
urinary system (organs and functions)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
excretes waste products from the blood
controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
regulates blood ion concentrations and Ph
Male reproductive system (organs and functions)
testes, epididymides, ducts diferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, penis, scrotum
produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids and hormones
sexual intercourse
female reproductive system (organs and functions)
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
supports developing embryo frim conception until delivery
provides milk to nourish offspring
sexual intercourse
anatomical posititon
hands at side feet slightly apart palms facing forward
supine
lying down face up
prone
lying down face down
abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper (RUQ)
right lower (RLQ)
left upper (LUQ)
left lower (LLQ)
abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right inguinal
hypogastric “pubic”
left inguinal
proximal
to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal
away frim the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
medial
towards midline
lateral
side
anterior
front
posterior
back
superior
above something
inferior
below something
cranial
to the head
caudal
to the tail
superficial
near the surface
deep
to the inside
frontal plane (coronal)
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
sagittal plane
vertical plane dividing the body into left and right portions
midsagittal plane
a vertical plane that lies on the midline dividing body into left and right portions
parasagittal plane
a vertical plane that is offset of the midline dividing the body into right and left portions.
transverse plane
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Viscera
internal organs
thoracic cavity
right and left plural cavities that contain the lungs
mediastinum, upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
pericardial cavity is the lower portion and it contains the heart
abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity superior portion
contains the pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
pelvic cavity, inferior portion contains reproductive organs, rectum and bladder
parietal peritoneum
lines the internal body walls
visceral peritoneum
covers the organs
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging,
covers body with magnetic field and gives an image of the soft tissues structure
PET
position emission tomography, asses metabolic and physiological activity of a structure
Ultrasound
sends high frequency sound to show a verification of internal structures in real time briefly.
body cavity
a cavity that is lined and contains certain organs, for protection and permits the size shape and changes in the organs
Homeostasis
all body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
what happens when homeostasis fails
serious illness or even death can occur
homeostatic regulation
the adjustment of physiological system to preserve homeostasis
autoregulation
(homeostatic regulation)
automatic response in a cell, tissue or organ to an environmental change
extrinsic regulation
(homeostatic regulation) responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems
what does a homeostatic mechanism consist of
a receptor (receives stimulus)
a control center (processes the signal and sends instructions)
an effector ( carries out instructions)
negative feedback
is a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits.
positive feedback
a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after initial stimulus
the diaphragm muscle separates what two cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic
the pituitary and thyroid gland are from what system
endocrine
many medical terms are rooted in
Greek or latin
the study of the first two months of development is termed
embryology
serves a worldwide official standard for anatomical vocab
terminologia anatomica
the study of the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body is called anatomy
regional
the chin is to the nose
inferior
visceral serosa
is the membrane that covers the internal organs
