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Human A+P 1. Spring 23 > Ch 2 Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

adenine and guanine are

A

purines represented by A and G

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2
Q

helium (He) has an atomic number of 2, it is chemically stable because

A

it has a full outer electron shell

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3
Q

when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

A

covalent bonds

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4
Q

chemical reactions that yeild energy such as heat are said to be

A

exergonic

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5
Q

cholesterol, phospholipids and glycolipids are examples of

A

structural lipids

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6
Q

the most important metabolic fuel in the body is

A

glucose

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7
Q

in phospholipids water tends to form little droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called

A

micells

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8
Q

chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by

A

enzymes

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9
Q

ions with a + charge are called

A

cations

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10
Q

ionic bonds are formed when

A

an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

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11
Q

AB > A+B is to decomposition as A+B > AB

A

synthesis

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12
Q

in living cells complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called

A

pathways

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13
Q

if an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons , 10 neutrons and 8 electrons its mass number is

A

18

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14
Q

a shortage of steroids’ in the body would result in the shortage of

A

sex hormones and plasma membranes

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15
Q

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

A

outermost electron shell

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16
Q

the innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to electrons

A

2

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17
Q

molecules that store and process the genetic information are the

A

nucleic acids

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18
Q

a removed hydrogen ions and increases the pH

A

base

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19
Q

the group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

A

carbohydrate

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20
Q

each amino acid differs from another in the

A

nature of the side chain

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21
Q

matter

A

is anything that takes up space and has a mass

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22
Q

atoms

A

the base unit of a chemical element

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23
Q

proton

A

positive charge 1 mass unit

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24
Q

neutrons

A

neutral 1 mass unit

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25
Q

electrons

A

negative charge low mass

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26
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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27
Q

nucleus

A

contains protons and neutrons

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28
Q

electron cloud

A

spherical area that contains electrons

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29
Q

electron shell

A

two dimensional representation of electron cloud

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30
Q

what is an element

A

is a pure substance composed of atoms of one kind

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31
Q

what determines the chemical properties of an atom

A

the atomic number (number of protons)

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32
Q

isotopes

A

are versions of elements based on mass number

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33
Q

mass number

A

number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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34
Q

the first level in the electron cloud can hold how many electrons

A

2

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35
Q

how many electrons can level 2 and 3 hold in the electron cloud

A

up to 8

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36
Q

what do chemical bonds form

A

molecules and compounds

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37
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

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38
Q

compounds

A

two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

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39
Q

ionic bonds

A

are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and crotons

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40
Q

are cations positive or negative

A

positive ions

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41
Q

are anions positive or negative

A

negative ions

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42
Q

covalent bonds

A

strong bonds involving shared electrons

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43
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons between atoms that have equal pull in the electrons

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44
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons because on atom has disproportionately strong pull on the electrons

45
Q

reactants

A

materials going into a reaction

46
Q

products

A

materials coming out of a reaction

47
Q

metabolism

A

all of the reactions that are occuring at one time

48
Q

what causes cells to age

A

oxidative stress

49
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

50
Q

work

A

movement of an object or change in matter

51
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

52
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

53
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

54
Q

decomposition reaction (catabolism)

A

breaks chemical bonds

55
Q

synthesis reaction (anabolism)

A

forms chemical bonds

56
Q

exchange reaction

A

involves decomposition first then synthesis

57
Q

activation energy

A

is the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

58
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy

59
Q

endergonic reactions

A

absorbs energy

60
Q

nutrients

A

essential molecules obtained from food

61
Q

metabolites

A

molecules made or broken down in the body

62
Q

what are the properties of water

A

universal solvent
high heat capacity
lubrication
reactivity

63
Q

electrolytes

A

are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in a solution

64
Q

hydrophilic

A

like water/react willingly with water

65
Q

hydrophobic

A

afraid of water/ do not interact with water

66
Q

neutral pH

A

7.0

67
Q

acidic pH

A

anything lower than 7.0

68
Q

basic pH (alkaline)

A

higher than 7.0

69
Q

acidosis

A

is an abnormial low blood pH

70
Q

alkadosis

A

is an abnormal high blood pH

71
Q

proton donor

A

acid

72
Q

proton acceptor

A

base

73
Q

buffers

A

stabilize pH of solutions

74
Q

Carbohydrates

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

75
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon molecules
ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

76
Q

what is the most important metabolic fuel in the body?

A

glucose

77
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides condensed by dehydrated synthesis
ex: sucrose, maltose

78
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose

79
Q

carboxyl group COOH

A

acts as an acid, releases H+ to become R-COO-

80
Q

hydroxyl group -OH

A

may link molecules through dehydration synthesis. hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and water can affect solubility

81
Q

phosphate group -PO4

A

may link other molecules to form larger structures. may store in high energy binds

82
Q

fatty acids

A

long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

83
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

(with hydrogen) no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

84
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds in tail

85
Q

monosaturated

A

one double bond

86
Q

polysaturated

A

two or more double bonds

87
Q

prostaglandins

A

short chain fatty acids in which 5 carbon atoms are joined in a ring, released by cells extremely powerful even in small amounts `

88
Q

glycerides

A

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

89
Q

monoglyceride

A

glycerol plus one fatty acid

90
Q

diglyceride

A

glycerol plus two fatty acids

91
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol plus three fatty acids

used for energy, insulation, protection

92
Q

steroids’

A

four ringed carbon structures with an assortment of functional groups

93
Q

micelle

A

an aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution such as those formed by setergents

94
Q

seven major protein functions

A

1 support
2 movement
3 transport
4 buffering
5 metabolic regulation
6 coordination and control
7 defense

95
Q

primary structure (protein shape)

A

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

96
Q

secondary structure (protein shape)

A

hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

97
Q

tertiary structure (protein shapes)

A

coiling and folding produce three dimensional shape

98
Q

quaternary structure (protein shapes)

A

final protein complex produced by interacting polypeptide chains

99
Q

globular proteins

A

soluble spheres with active functions

100
Q

fibrous proteins

A

structural sheets or strands

101
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

genetic makeup in the nucleus of the cells

determines inherited characteristics
controls enzyme production
directs protein synthesis
controls metabolism

102
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

another part of genetic makeup

controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

103
Q

complementary pairs in DNA

A

Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) to Guanine (G)

104
Q

complementary pairs in RNA

A

uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)

105
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the process of adding a phosphate group t0 another molecule

106
Q

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

nucleotide that contains one phosphate group

107
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

contains two phosphate groups

108
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

High energy compound containing three phosphate groups

109
Q

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

A

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and ADP

Human A+P 1. Spring 23 (17 decks)

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