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Human A+P 1. Spring 23 > Ch 2 Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

adenine and guanine are

A

purines represented by A and G

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2
Q

helium (He) has an atomic number of 2, it is chemically stable because

A

it has a full outer electron shell

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3
Q

when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

A

covalent bonds

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4
Q

chemical reactions that yeild energy such as heat are said to be

A

exergonic

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5
Q

cholesterol, phospholipids and glycolipids are examples of

A

structural lipids

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6
Q

the most important metabolic fuel in the body is

A

glucose

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7
Q

in phospholipids water tends to form little droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called

A

micells

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8
Q

chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by

A

enzymes

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9
Q

ions with a + charge are called

A

cations

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10
Q

ionic bonds are formed when

A

an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

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11
Q

AB > A+B is to decomposition as A+B > AB

A

synthesis

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12
Q

in living cells complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called

A

pathways

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13
Q

if an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons , 10 neutrons and 8 electrons its mass number is

A

18

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14
Q

a shortage of steroids’ in the body would result in the shortage of

A

sex hormones and plasma membranes

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15
Q

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

A

outermost electron shell

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16
Q

the innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to electrons

A

2

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17
Q

molecules that store and process the genetic information are the

A

nucleic acids

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18
Q

a removed hydrogen ions and increases the pH

A

base

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19
Q

the group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

A

carbohydrate

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20
Q

each amino acid differs from another in the

A

nature of the side chain

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21
Q

matter

A

is anything that takes up space and has a mass

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22
Q

atoms

A

the base unit of a chemical element

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23
Q

proton

A

positive charge 1 mass unit

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24
Q

neutrons

A

neutral 1 mass unit

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25
electrons
negative charge low mass
26
atomic number
number of protons
27
nucleus
contains protons and neutrons
28
electron cloud
spherical area that contains electrons
29
electron shell
two dimensional representation of electron cloud
30
what is an element
is a pure substance composed of atoms of one kind
31
what determines the chemical properties of an atom
the atomic number (number of protons)
32
isotopes
are versions of elements based on mass number
33
mass number
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
34
the first level in the electron cloud can hold how many electrons
2
35
how many electrons can level 2 and 3 hold in the electron cloud
up to 8
36
what do chemical bonds form
molecules and compounds
37
molecule
two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
38
compounds
two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
39
ionic bonds
are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and crotons
40
are cations positive or negative
positive ions
41
are anions positive or negative
negative ions
42
covalent bonds
strong bonds involving shared electrons
43
nonpolar covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons between atoms that have equal pull in the electrons
44
polar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons because on atom has disproportionately strong pull on the electrons
45
reactants
materials going into a reaction
46
products
materials coming out of a reaction
47
metabolism
all of the reactions that are occuring at one time
48
what causes cells to age
oxidative stress
49
energy
the capacity to do work
50
work
movement of an object or change in matter
51
kinetic energy
energy in motion
52
potential energy
stored energy
53
chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
54
decomposition reaction (catabolism)
breaks chemical bonds
55
synthesis reaction (anabolism)
forms chemical bonds
56
exchange reaction
involves decomposition first then synthesis
57
activation energy
is the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
58
exergonic reactions
release energy
59
endergonic reactions
absorbs energy
60
nutrients
essential molecules obtained from food
61
metabolites
molecules made or broken down in the body
62
what are the properties of water
universal solvent high heat capacity lubrication reactivity
63
electrolytes
are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in a solution
64
hydrophilic
like water/react willingly with water
65
hydrophobic
afraid of water/ do not interact with water
66
neutral pH
7.0
67
acidic pH
anything lower than 7.0
68
basic pH (alkaline)
higher than 7.0
69
acidosis
is an abnormial low blood pH
70
alkadosis
is an abnormal high blood pH
71
proton donor
acid
72
proton acceptor
base
73
buffers
stabilize pH of solutions
74
Carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
75
monosaccharides
simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon molecules ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
76
what is the most important metabolic fuel in the body?
glucose
77
disaccharides
two monosaccharides condensed by dehydrated synthesis ex: sucrose, maltose
78
polysaccharides
polymers of many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose
79
carboxyl group COOH
acts as an acid, releases H+ to become R-COO-
80
hydroxyl group -OH
may link molecules through dehydration synthesis. hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and water can affect solubility
81
phosphate group -PO4
may link other molecules to form larger structures. may store in high energy binds
82
fatty acids
long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.
83
saturated fatty acids
(with hydrogen) no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail
84
unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds in tail
85
monosaturated
one double bond
86
polysaturated
two or more double bonds
87
prostaglandins
short chain fatty acids in which 5 carbon atoms are joined in a ring, released by cells extremely powerful even in small amounts `
88
glycerides
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
89
monoglyceride
glycerol plus one fatty acid
90
diglyceride
glycerol plus two fatty acids
91
triglycerides
glycerol plus three fatty acids used for energy, insulation, protection
92
steroids'
four ringed carbon structures with an assortment of functional groups
93
micelle
an aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution such as those formed by setergents
94
seven major protein functions
1 support 2 movement 3 transport 4 buffering 5 metabolic regulation 6 coordination and control 7 defense
95
primary structure (protein shape)
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
96
secondary structure (protein shape)
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
97
tertiary structure (protein shapes)
coiling and folding produce three dimensional shape
98
quaternary structure (protein shapes)
final protein complex produced by interacting polypeptide chains
99
globular proteins
soluble spheres with active functions
100
fibrous proteins
structural sheets or strands
101
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
genetic makeup in the nucleus of the cells determines inherited characteristics controls enzyme production directs protein synthesis controls metabolism
102
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
another part of genetic makeup controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
103
complementary pairs in DNA
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) to Guanine (G)
104
complementary pairs in RNA
uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)
105
Phosphorylation
the process of adding a phosphate group t0 another molecule
106
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
nucleotide that contains one phosphate group
107
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
contains two phosphate groups
108
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
High energy compound containing three phosphate groups
109
adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and ADP

Human A+P 1. Spring 23 (17 decks)

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