Ch 4 Tissue level of organization Flashcards
Tissues
Collections of specialized cells in cell products that perform specific functions tissues in a combination form organs
Histology
Is the study of tissues
What are the four types of
1 epithelial
2 connective
3 muscle
4 nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers exposed surfaces lines the internal passageways and forms glands
Example is your skin
Connective tissue
This fills internal spaces supports other tissues transport materials in stores energy
Muscle
Specialized for contraction
Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and muscular walls of hollow organs
Nervous tissue
Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
What are the functions of the epithelial tissues
It provides physical protection
Controls permeability
Provides sensation
Produces specialized secretions
Cell junctions
Are specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or two extracellular materials
Gap junctions
Our connections between the cells that permit electrical coupling
Tight junctions
Also called occluding junctions they provide connection between cells formed by the fusion of membrane proteins and are tightly bound
Desmosomes
Are very strong and can resist stretching and twisting
Spot desmosomes are generally formed by the component of two cells, tie cells together in a dense area in connection to the cytoskeleton this connection gives the decimals and the epithelium it’s strength
How does damaged skin generally come off
In sheets,
A good example is when you peel from the Sun
Basal lamina
An amorphous, ill organized layer thought to function as a selective filter it is closest to the epithelium
Reticular lamina
Is the deeper portion of the basement membrane it provides strength and consists mostly of reticular fibers and ground substance
Squamous epithelia
An epithelium who’s superficial cells are flattened and plate like they are somewhat irregular in shape
Cuboidal epithelium
Resembles hexagonal boxes from the apical surfaces
Columnar epithelia
Appears rectangular but they are hexagonal they are taller and more slender than cells in the qdobal epithelia
Transitional epithelia
Cells can change between being squamous and Qdoba this is because it permits repeated cycles of stretching without causing damage
Glands
Our cells that produce exocrine and endocrine secretions
Endocrine glands
Release hormones that enter the bloodstream and have no ducks
Exocrine glands
Are glands at secreton to the body surface and the passageway connected to the exterior through ducts
Connective tissues
There are four different types, providing a structural framework that stabilizes the relative positions of the other tissue types
Matrix
Consists of extracellular components of connective tissues like fibers and ground substances
Vascular
Many blood vessels
Avascular
No blood vessels
Connective tissue proper
Is a category of connective tissues that connect and protects
Examples are fat and tendons
Fluid connective tissues
Are a category of connective tissues that provide transport.
Blood and lymph are the only two in this category
Supporting connective tissues
Our category of connective tissues that provide structural strength
Cartilage and Bone are the only two in this group
What are the connective tissue fibers
Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
White fat
Is pale or a yellow in color color
It is most common, stores fat and absorbs shocks, slows heat loss providing insulation
Brown fat
Is found in babies and young children, provides breakdown of lipids releases energy and warms the body
Superficial fascia
Separates skin from underlying tissues
Deep Basha
Sheets of dense regular connective tissues
Subserous fascia
Lies between deep Basha and the serous membrane that line body cavities
Blood
Contains a watery matrix called plasma, contain cells and cell fragments collectively known as formed elements these are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Lymph
The fluid content of lymphatic vessels similar in composition to interstitle fluid
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Is the most common type it provides stiff but flexible support reduces friction between bony surfaces it is found in the synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and part of the nasal septum
Elastic cartilage
Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage it is found in external ear and the epiglottis and the auditory canal
Fiber cartilage
Very durable and tough it resists compression and prevents bone to bone contact / limits movement it is found around joints, between the pubic bones, in between the spinal vertebrae
Interstitial growth
Form of cartilage growth in which the cartilage enlarges from within
Oppositional growth
A form of cartilage Grove in which the outer surface of the cartilage gradually increases in size
Bone
A bone is a strong connective tissue containing specialized cells and a mineralized matrix of systoline calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
It supports the weight of the body and in some places protects the internal organs
Periosteum
Is a layer that surrounds a bone consisting of an outer fibrous region and intercellular region
Tissue membrane
Are physical barriers that are all made of epithelial tissues they line or cover body surfaces
Mucous membrane
They line passageways that have external connections and are coated with the secretions from the mucus gland
You can find this in the digestive the respiratory urinary and reproductive tract
Serous membrane
Line the peritoneal plural and pericardial cavities.
It is thin but strong the parietal portion lines the inner surface of the cavity and the visceral portion also called serosa covers the organ
Peritoneum
Lions the peritoneal cavities and covers abdominal organs
Pleura
Lions pleural cavities and covers the lungs
Pericardium
Lines the pericardial cavity and covers the heart
Cutaneous membrane
Skin that covers the body, thick relatively waterproof and usually dry
Synovial membranes
Line synovial joint cavities movement stimulates the production of synovial fluid for lubrication and has lack of a true epithelium
Striated voluntary muscle
A striped muscle that you can voluntarily move
Striated involuntary muscle
A striped muscle that moves on its own and you have no control over for example your cardiac muscles
Smooth muscle
Muscle tissue in the walls of many visceral organs smooth muscle is considered non-strited because of appearance and because the nervous system doesn’t not voluntary control them
Inflammation/inflammatory response
Is a nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level characterized by swelling redness heat pain and sometimes loss of function.
What are the signs of inflammation
Swelling redness heat pain and sometimes loss of function
What can trigger inflammatory response
Trauma or physical injury
Infection or the presence of pathogens
Damaged cells
Damage connective tissues
Necrosis
The destruction of tissue
Abscess
Pus trapped in an enclosed area
