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Pharmacology > ch 5: pediatric considerations > Flashcards

ch 5: pediatric considerations Flashcards

1
Q

what determines the degree and rate of absorption for pediatric patients?

A
  • health status
  • age
  • weight
  • route of administration
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2
Q

what influences drug absorption of oral drugs?

A
  • gastric acidity
  • gastric emptying
  • gastric motility
  • GI surface area
  • enzyme levels
  • intestinal flora
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3
Q

what is the gastric pH at birth? 2 to 3 years?

A
  • alkaline

- reaches adult levels of gastric acid secretion

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4
Q

what absorption does low pH favor? high pH?

A
  • acidic drugs

- alkaline drugs

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5
Q

what age does gastric emptying and GI motility reach adult level?

A

between 6 to 8 months

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6
Q

at what age does intestinal surface area reach adult level?

A

20 weeks

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7
Q

what does a decreased amount in production of bile salts and pancreatic enzymes lead to?

A

reduced absorption of lipid-soluble drugs

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8
Q

what is the skin like on infants and children?

A

thinner than adults

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9
Q

what percent of the body is water in neonates and infants? adults?

A
  • 75%

- 60%

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10
Q

what does the greater fluid volume in the body mean related to drug concentration?

A

greater fluid volume = lower drug concentration

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11
Q

until the age of 2 how does the dosage need to be for water-soluble drugs?

A

higher dosage

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12
Q

what drugs are able to cross the cell membrane?

A

free or unbound

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13
Q

what is the level of protein binding sites in neonates and infants? how does this relate to dosages?

A
  • lower amounts of protein binding sites

- lower dosages because more of the drugs is able to cross the cell membrane instead of being binded

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14
Q

what is the blood brain barrier like in infants? what does this increase the risk of?

A
  • relatively immature
  • allows drugs to pass through more easily into CNS
  • increased risk for toxicity
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15
Q

what organ carries out metabolism?

A

liver

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16
Q

at what age does drug-metabolizing enzymes reach adult level?

A

11

17
Q

at what age does GFR reach adult level?

A

12 months

18
Q

how does a nurse determine the amount of drug in a patient’s body?

A

using plasma or serum drug levels

19
Q

how are drugs ordered for a pediatric patient?

A
  • weight in kg

- body surface area

20
Q

what is the major reason for drug sensitivity?

A

small body size

21
Q

what is family-centered care?

A
  • essential to ensuring safety during and after health care interventions
  • teaching is directed towards both family and patients
22
Q

how do you go about giving a toddler medication?

A
  • make it a game
  • simple explanations
  • they may act violently
23
Q

how do you go about giving a preschooler medication?

A
  • they are fairly cooperative

- allow some level of choice

24
Q

how do you go about giving a school-age child medication?

A
  • often cooperative
  • may fear bodily injury
  • need more control and information
25
Q

how do you go about giving an older school-age and adolescent medication?

A
  • establish a positive rapport
  • develop a plan of care in collaboration with the patient
  • ensure privacy
26
Q

what is the principle of atraumatic care?

A

the philosophy of providing therapeutic care through the use of interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress experienced by children and families

27
Q

what dosage form do you give to an infant 1 month-2 years?

A
  • liquids

- small volumes

28
Q

what dosage form do you give to a child 2-5 years?

A
  • liquids
  • tablets dispersed in liquids
  • sprinkles on food
29
Q

what dosage form do you give to a child 6-11 years?

A
  • solids

- chewable tablets

30
Q

what dosage form do you give to an adolescent 12-18 years?

A
  • solids
  • tablets
  • capsules
31
Q

a 4 year old patient is discharged on an oral liquid drug suspension of 4 mL per dose. which device will the nurse recommend to ensure the highest level of accuracy in home administration of the drug?

a. measuring cup
b. graduated medicine cup
c. household teaspoon
d. oral syringe

A

d. oral syringe

32
Q

is the excretion of drugs slower or faster in pediatrics than adults?

A

slower in pediatrics

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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