ch 2: pharmacology principles

Question 1

what is pharmacokinetics? what does ADME mean?

Answer 1

• what our body does to the drug

- absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 2

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

what the drug does to the body

Question 3

what is pharmaceutic? where does this occur? what happens during this?

Answer 3

• drug becomes a solution to cross the membrane
• GI tract
• disintegration and dissolution

Question 4

what is passive transport?

Answer 4

when drugs move throughout the body through diffusion

Question 5

what is active transport?

Answer 5

when drugs move throughout the body with a carrier such as an enzyme or protein

Question 6

what is a free drug? what can these drugs do that bound drugs cannot?

Answer 6

• any drug that is not bound to a protein

- can cross the membrane and be used by the body

Question 7

how do lipid soluble drugs get across the blood brain barrier? water soluble?

Answer 7

• diffusion (passive transport)

- enzymes or proteins (active transport)

Question 8

can drugs cross the placenta? what can drugs being taken during pregnancy cause?

Answer 8

• yes

- spontaneous abortions and altered fetal development

Question 9

what is the therapeutic index?

Answer 9

ratio between the safe toxic dose and the therapeutic dose

Question 10

what is the onset? peak? duration of action?

Answer 10

• time it takes for drug to reach minimum effect
• it reaches its highest concentration in the blood
• length of time it takes for the drug to exert a therapeutic effect

Question 11

what are the four receptor families?

Answer 11

• cell membrane embedded enzymes (kinase linked)
• ligand-gated ion channels
• G protein-coupled receptor systems
• transcription factors (in DNA)

Question 12

what organs are cholinergic receptors found in?

Answer 12

• heart
• eyes
• bladder
• blood vessels
• stomach
• bronchi

Question 13

what does nonselective drug mean?

Answer 13

the drug has multiple receptors

Question 14

what does selective drug mean?

Answer 14

the drug has one receptor

Question 15

what are excipients?

Answer 15

used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take on a particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution

Question 16

what is the first pass effect?

Answer 16

• in the liver, drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted
• reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect

Question 17

what is bioavailability?

Answer 17

% of administered drug available for activity

Question 18

what is a loading dose?

Answer 18

a large initial dose

Question 19

what is pharmacogenomics?

Answer 19

the study of how a person’s genetics play a role in their response to drugs

Question 20

what is tachyphylaxis?

Answer 20

an acute, rapid decrease in response to and drug

Question 21

what is an additive effect?

Answer 21

the sum of the effects of the two drugs together

Question 22

what is the synergistic effect? what is an example of this?

Answer 22

• the clinical effect of two drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone
• alcohol with a sedative

Question 23

what are antagonist effects? what are some examples?

Answer 23

• when two drugs given together cancel out each others effects
• morphine overdose, give naloxone
• heparin overdose, give protamine sulfate

Question 24

what are the most common side effects of drug drug interactions?

Answer 24

• nausea
• headache
• heartburn
• lightheadedness

Question 25

what can you not take MAOIs with?

Answer 25

• tyramine rich foods
• cheese
• wine
• beer
• yogurt

Question 26

what fruit alters the metabolism of many drugs?

Answer 26

grapefruit

Question 27

what nutritional deficiency alters the pharmacokinetic processes?

Answer 27

protein-energy malnutrition

Question 28

what are the two types of photosensitivity reactions?

Answer 28

• photoallergic: when a drug undergoes activation to the skin by UV lights
• phototoxic reaction: drug undergoes photochemical reactions within the skin to cause damage

Question 29

do drugs always go through the pharmaceutic phase?

Answer 29

• no

- only oral drugs do

Question 30

what is another word for metabolism?

Answer 30

biotransformation

Question 31

what is a half-life?

Answer 31

the time it takes for half of the dose to be out of the body’s system

Question 32

what drug form is most rapidly absorbed from the GI tract?

Answer 32

suspension

Question 33

what type of drug directly passes through the GI membrane?

Answer 33

lipid-soluble and nonionized

Question 34

what will happen with diazepam and sulbactam together?

Answer 34

diazepam is released and becomes highly active