Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 222 > Ch. 5 Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism

A

macromolecules broken down into simpler molecules, releasing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anabolism

A

simpler molecules are combined into macromolecules, using energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

catabolic reactions provide…

A

energy needed for anabolic rxns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATP purpose

A

storing and releasing energy

ATP ADP + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze all reactions in a cell; reduce activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

apoenzyme

A 
protein portion (inactive)
- to activate, must bond to a nonprotein cofactor (activator)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

holoenzyme

A

whole, active enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

active site

A

where substrate binds; very specific to substrate. forms the enzyme-substrate complex. products are released after the enzyme catalyzes. ENZYMES ARE NOT USED UP AFTER RXN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors influencing enzymatic activity

A

1) temp
2) pH
3) substrate concentration
(KNOW CURVES FOR QUIZ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to active site and blocks substrate from binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sulfa drugs

A

prevent folic acid production through competitive inhibition

bacteria make their own folic acid but we don’t, therefore it doesn’t affect us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

allosteric/noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to allosteric site, altering shape of the active site (reversible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product binds to allosteric site earlier in process (usually first enzyme), shutting down pathway. extremely common regulator of biochemical pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ribozymes

A

made of RNA; function as enzymes, but not made of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons from a molecule; often produces energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reduction

A

receiving electrons to a molecule; often requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

common redox reaction

A 
NAD+ coenzyme (electron carrier) --> NADH
FAD coenzyme (electron carrier) --> FADH2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Generation of ATP

A

ADP + energy + Pi ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two pathways of energy to make ATP?

A

1) substrate-level phosphorylation

2) oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

high energy bond in a phosphorylized organic molecule broken and Pi and energy are transferred directly to ADP, forming ATP

21
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain; electron is carried through each electron acceptor through repeated redox reactions. Final electron acceptor produces ATP and side product (usually O2 is acceptor and H2O)
energy is released step-wise down the electron chain

22
Q

photophosphorylation

A

energy comes from the light; excited electrons ejected from chlorophyll

23
Q

carbohydrate catabolism

A

glycolysis, then respiration (Krebs and ETC) or fermentation

commonly glucose

24
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose (6C) + 2 ATP –> 2 pyruvic acid (3C) + 4 ATP
2 NAD+ –> 2 NADH (to ETC)

DOES NOT REQUIRE O2

25
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

2x per glucose
1) transition step: pyruvic acid –> acetyl CoA (2C) + CO2 (byproduct). reduces one NAD -> NADH (therefore two per glucose)

2) cycle x2: completely oxidizes glucose, producing: 2 FADH, 6 NADH, 2 ATP

26
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • high-low energy electron carriers through redox reactions
  • O2 is required as the final electron acceptor
  • occurs on the cell membrane (prokaryotes) or mitochondria membrane (eukaryotes)
27
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

process of making ATP where a proton pump uses energy from ETC to help protons out of the cell against the gradient (active transport). this creates potential energy. ATP synthase in the cell membrane has a channel for protons, fueling the synthesis of ATP

28
Q

aerobic respiration

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor

29
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

final electron acceptor can be nitrates, sulfates, or carbonate (NO3-, SO4-, CO3-). Produce methane, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen gas

30
Q

total ATP in respiration per glucose mol

A

2 ATP (glycolysis) + 2 ATP (Krebs) + 34 ATP (ETC) = 38 ATP total

31
Q

fermentation

A

gets rid of pyruvic acid.

  • final electron acceptor: organic molecule
  • no energy is produced; only energy from glycolysis
  • 2 ATP per molecule of glucose
32
Q

strict fermenters

A

cannot use O2; therefore O2 is not requried

33
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

lactic acid is final product

  • Lactobacillus
  • Streptococcus
  • tang in yogurt, sauerkraut
34
Q

alcohol fermentation

A
  • produces 2 CO2 and 2 ethanol

- Saccharomyces (yeast: bread, wine)

35
Q

catabolism of lipids

A

lipid –> glycerol and fatty acids

intermediates in respiration

36
Q

catabolism of proteins

A

protein –> amino acids

also intermediates in carb catabolism

37
Q

photosynthesis

A

1) photophosphorylation (light –> chemical; light-dependent rxns)
2) Calvin Cycle (carbon fixation; no energy produced; light-independent rxns)

38
Q

Calvin cycle

A

3 CO2 –> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

NO ATP produced

39
Q

Metabolic diversity among organisms originates from…

A

how they obtain carbon and how they obtain energy

40
Q

energy source

A

energy from chemicals = chemotrophs

energy from light = phototrophs

41
Q

carbon source

A 
organic = heterotrophs
CO2 = autotrophs
42
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A 
uses organic compounds, energy from chemical source
final electron acceptor:
- O2 = aerobic respiration
- organic comp = ferment
- inorganic comp = anaerobic respiration
43
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use CO2 from the environment they’re in

44
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

light and organic comp

45
Q

photoautotrophs

A

light and CO2

46
Q

anabolism

A

Intermediates from krebs cycle and glycolysis – building blocks from macromolecules come from intermediates

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions