Ch. 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary & Reproductive Systems Flashcards
Normal microbiota
A few. Some in bladder.
Vagina’s Normal microbiota
- Varies depending on age of person
- Estrogens –> accumulation of glycogen
- Lactobacillus takes the glycogen and turns it into lactic acid.
- Age: Newborns have maternal estrogens from their mom. Girls have lactobacillus at this point.
- Childhood: Mixed flora because the pH is neutral (less estrogen)
- Adult: puberty onwards. Lactobacillus thrives
- Menopause: mixed flora due to neutral pH. `
Diseases of the urinary system (Bacteria) - Causes:
- HAI. Catheters can increase risk
- Opportunistic infection. More common in females.
Cystitis
- Common etiological agent:
1. E. Coli (>80%)
2. Staph. Saprophyticus - Diagnosis: if over 1,000 CFU/mL of any single species in urine & Positive urine test for LE (Produced by neutrophils).
- Untreated can lead to pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis
- Infection of kidneys from urine
- ~25% of untreated UTIs lead to this
- Diagnosis: If over 1,000 CFU/mL of any single species in urine & positive urine test for LE
- Potentially life-threatening
- IV antibiotics. Can be from abdominal infection also.
Bacterial diseases/STIs of the reproductive system - Gonorrhea
- Caused by: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Any point of sexual contact i.e. oral, vaginal, etc. can transmit this disease
- Symptoms in males: Pain on urination, discharge from urethra
- Asymptomatic in females
- Carriers: Asymptomatic is possible for both sexes
- Newborns: Opthalmia neonatorum is caused by this via the mom’s birth canal.
Gonorrhea treatment
- Antimicrobial drugs
- Drug resistance –> not yet but there are some concerns
- Complications if untreated:
- PIV (in women)
- Infertility (Maybe)
- DGI. Disseminated gonococcal infection. Heart, joints, meninges, throat, other systems affected. Whole body.
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
- Caused by: Chlamydia trachomatis
- Inflammation of urethra/vagina
- Co-infection w/ N. Gonorrhoeae
- Milder symptoms. Most of the time no symptoms in females.
- Complications: PID, Inflamed epididymis
- Newborns: Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Any extensive bacterial infection of female pelvic organs
- Polymicrobial. Many species.
- Complications: Infertility caused by scar tissue, like on the fallopian tubes & ectopic pregnancy (can be life-threatening)
Syphilis
- Caused by: Treponema Pallidum
- Used to be common
- Inflammatory response from lipoproteins that causes tissue damage. Not actual bacteria that does the damage.
- Doesn’t survive long outside host so it has to be transmitted via direct sexual contact
Stages of Syphilis - #1
Painless hard chancre sore on penis/cervix. Goes away eventually. Very treatable at this stage.
Stages of Syphilis - #2
2 - 10 wks after chancre sore goes away. Rashes on body/hands. Hair loss. Malaise. Mouth lesion. Very infectious, but treatable.
Stages of Syphilis - Latent period
After year or so it goes into its latent period. Can be latent for 5 - 10 years. Can transmit slightly at first before its fully latent.
Stages of Syphilis - #3
Gummas (open sores) of tertiary stage. Can affect all body systems (internal & external). Mood, cardio, blindness issues, many other issues. No treatment.
- Not everyone with untreated syphilis gets to this stage.
Tuskegee institute study
- 1932 they studied syphilis
- Told the men in the study that they would be treated but they weren’t.
- Stopped in 1972. President gave a formal apology
