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BIOL 222 > Ch. 25 Microbial Diseases of the GI tract > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Microbial Diseases of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Clostridium Perfingens Gastroenteritis

A
  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Meats/meat stews contaminated with intestinal contents
  • Caused my temperature abuse: Foods held at room temp, inadequate cooling
  • Prevention is key
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2
Q

Clostridium Difficile

A
  • Toxins cause: diarrhea, inflammatory colitis, can last a long time
  • Has resistant endospores
  • Causes: HAI (Pathogen). Antibiotics eliminate normal intestinal microbiota leading to this infection.
  • Can be community acquired as well.
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3
Q

Treatment of C. Difficile

A
  • Discontinue precipitating antibiotic
  • Metronidazole (Targets anaerobes)
  • PO hydration therapy
  • Fecal transplants. They take donor stool and filter it out till they just have gut microbiota. Then they administer it via enema.
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4
Q

Viral diseases of GI - Mumps virus

A
  • Portal: Respiratory tract
  • Affects parotid gland (on side of face)
  • Orchitis (inflammation of one or both testicles) can cause sterility.
  • MMR –> its the middle “M”
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5
Q

Viral - Hepatitis

A
  • Inflammation of liver

- There are different kinds. We talk about Hep A, B, C. All different viruses that cause these.

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6
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • HAV. Can cause Jaundice.
  • Mollusks are a reservoir. Fecal oral route.
  • Single stranded RNA
  • No chronic form. Only acute. Takes 3 - 5 weeks to incubate.
  • Vaccine: There is one for travelers. Its an inactivated virus.
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7
Q

Hepatitis A Treatment

A

Immune globulin. Passive immunity, via antibodies from others who have recovered from Hep A.

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8
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • Double stranded DNA virus, and is a spherical, filamentous, & entire virion (Dane particle).
  • Transmission: Blood, vertical transmission from mom to fetus, Semen.
  • Sometimes chronic. Incubates 5 - 6 wks. Vaccine is available.
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9
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • HCV. Single strand RNA.
  • Transmission: Blood and maybe sexually
  • Incubates 6 - 7 wks.
  • Up to 85% of those infected have it turn into chronic hepatitis.
  • Variable viruses. Hard to study.
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10
Q

Hepatitis C treatment

A
  • Protease and polymerase inhibitors
  • Interferon
  • Ribavirin
  • No vaccine
  • Best approach: Prevention, precaution and blood testing.
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11
Q

Fungal diseases - Ergot poisoning

A
  • Caused by: Claviceps purpurea
  • Mycotoxin (ergot) causes hallucinations, and restricts blood flow
  • Found in improperly milled wheat etc. Modern milling removes fungus.
  • Suspected causative agent of Salem witch trials.
  • LSD derivative. In a purified state, its used as a vasoconstrictor med.
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12
Q

Aflatoxin Poisoning (Fungal)

A
  • Caused by: Aspergillus Flavus
  • Produces a toxin
  • Potential carcinogen
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13
Q

Giardiasis

A
  • Caused by: Giardia Lamblia
  • Acquire it from contaminated water supplies
  • Symptoms might include watery diarrhea alternating with greasy stools. Fatigue, cramps, and belching gas also may occur.
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14
Q
  • i messed up and these cards arent in perfect order

Gi diseases are …….

A

Most common infectious diseases in developing countries

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15
Q

Normal Microbiota

A
  • Many microbes in the mouth
  • Stomach and duodenum have very few species d/t extreme acidity of HCl in stomach
  • Many microbes in large intestine and part of small intestine (once HCl has been absorbed)
  • Est fecal mass 1/3 bacteria
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16
Q

Bacterial - Dental Caries

A
  • Caused by Streptococcus mutans
  • Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
    Glucose is synthesized into dextran (polysaccharide) –> capsule for Strep. Mutans
  • Fructose –> lactic acid (strict fermenter)
  • Plaque = biofilm of variety of species (dentist scrapes this off to get rid of S. mutans)
  • Lactic acid next to enamel leads to break down
17
Q

Periodontal Disease

A

Progression: Healthy gingivae -> gingivitis (plaque at base) -> periodontal pockets -> periodontitis (breaking down bone; teeth loose; trench mouth is very severe form of this)

18
Q

Lower Digestive System diseases ( bacteria) - Most of em have these –>

A
  • Transmission in most cases: fecal-oral route
    Symptoms of all: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (severity varies w disease)
  • Types: infection (growth of bacteria) or intoxication (not bacteria itself, but a toxin)
  • Symptoms of infection: 12+ hours
  • Symptoms of intoxication: 1-6 hr
  • Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy (main concern; electrolyte balance out of whack). Only very few cases are antibiotics recommended
19
Q

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

A
  • Caused by: S. aureus
  • Facultative halophile
  • Produces Staphylococcal enterotoxins (exotoxins)
    Seen in foods with high osmotic psi (e.g. potato salad)
20
Q

Course of staph infection:

A
  1. Food containing protein is cooked (bact usually killed)
  2. Food handled by contaminated worker (staph on hands)
  3. Food is left at room temp (MAIN PROBLEM); organisms incubate in food long enough to form and release toxins (reheating will eliminate staph, but NOT the toxins
  4. Food containing toxins is eaten
  5. In 1-6 hrs, Staphylococcal intoxication occurs.
21
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  • Caused by: Salmonella enterica
  • Many serotypes
  • Reservoirs: animal intestinal tracts (may contaminate chicken eggs); reptiles
  • Oral rehydration therapy; but BEST is…
  • Prevention: cleanliness; adequate cooking (no raw eggs; cook meat well)
22
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Caused by: Salmonella typhi

Reservoir: only HUMANS (carriers e.g. Typhoid Mary)

Recover –> immunity

Prevention: cleanliness; adequate cooking.

23
Q

Cholera

A
  • Caused by: Vibrio cholerae
  • Exotoxin
  • Rice-water stools (extreme dehydration)
  • Ingesting contaminated water
  • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
  • Recovery –> immunity (but only to the same strain)
  • Big problem after natural disasters
24
Q

E. coli Gastroenteritis

A
  • Various strains of E. coli, but only a few are pathogenic
  • Pathogenicity:
  • Fimbriae and/or production of Toxins
  • Severity of symptoms vary by strain
  • Treat the symptoms, try not to become too dehydrated
  • “Travellers Diarrhea”
25
Q

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

A
  • Caused by Helicobacter pylori
  • Continual ulcer flare-ups with cause not found for many years
  • Finally discovered that it was an infectious disease!
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Treatment: antibiotics; pepto-bismol
26
Q

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease - Disease mechanism

A
  • Very acidic pH in your stomach
  • Helicobacter pylori can live in stomach because it produces urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia; this neutralizes the HCl of the stomach
  • Neutral enviro so bacteria can grow
  • Damage is due to inflammation
  • Organism tries to grow; inflammatory response to remove (or attempt removal of) organism depletes mucus-secreting cells; HCl then continues the damage

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

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