Ch. 23 Microbial diseases of the cardio & lymph systems

Question 1

Cardiovascular system (microbiota?)

Answer 1

Closed systems so no microbiota. Blood isn’t as sterile as we think…some microbes can cross gut wall and enter bloodstream

Question 2

Septicemia

Answer 2

bacteria stays in blood long-term

Question 3

Sepsis

Answer 3

• Serious inflammatory response syndrome.
• Seen through lymphangitis (inflamed blood vessels)
• Severe sepsis: failure of at least one organ

Question 4

Gram-negative sepsis

Answer 4

• LPS (endotoxin)

Question 5

Gram-positive sepsis

Answer 5

• Staphylococci & Streptococci (Exotoxins)
• Streptococcus Agalactiae
  
  • GBS, group B streptococci
  • Neonates sepsis

Question 6

Pureeral sepsis (childbed fever)

Answer 6

• Infection of uterine lining
• S. Pyogenes
• Ignatz Semmelweis & oliver wendell holmes introduced handwashing before childbirth

Question 7

Infection of heart

Answer 7

• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
  
  • a-hemolytic streptococci)
  • predisposing factor: defective heart valve
• Acute bacterial endocarditis
  
  • S. Aureus
  • Prophylactic antibiotics

Question 8

Rheumatic fever

Answer 8

• autoimmune effect of S. pyogenes infection
• Damages heart valves
• Sydenham’s chorea

Question 9

Anthrax is caused by…

Answer 9

Bacillus anthracis (can make endospores)

Question 10

Three major forms of Anthrax…

Answer 10

1) cutaneous (direct contact transmission)
- black lesion
- not as serious as the other two; more serious if it enters the bloodstream (bloodstream mortality >20%)
- mortality rate w antibiotic <1%
2) gastrointestinal anthrax (digestion of endosopres)
- mortality rate over 50%
3) pulmonary anthrax (inhalation of endospores)
- mortality rate is basically 100% even with treatment

Question 11

gangrene (aka gas gangrene) is caused by…

Answer 11

caused by Clostridium perfringens
(obligate anaerobe)
grows in areas where blood supply has been cut off (ischemia - predisposing factor)
occurs mostly in extremities

Question 12

treatment for gangrene = prevention of spread

Answer 12

• Debridement (removal of dead tissue)
  
  • larval debridement (consume only dead tissue
• hyperbaric O2 = infuse tissue with higher levels of oxygen
• amputation

Question 13

vector-transmitted diseases

Answer 13

• plague
• lyme disease
• rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 14

plague/bubonic plague caused by…

Answer 14

Yersinia pestis (gram-negative bacterium)

Question 15

transmission of plague

Answer 15

reservoir:
- rodents (usually)
vector:
- rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) – biological transmission

Question 16

signs and symptoms of plague

Answer 16

• buboes (axillary lymph nodes, groin)

- bruising

Question 17

forms of plague

Answer 17

Septicemic plague (organisms in blood stream, causing septic shock)
Pneumonic plague (in lungs; only way to transmit person to person)

Question 18

treatment for plague

Answer 18

• antbiotics effective if started 12-15 hr after onset of fever
• vaccine for those who are likely to be exposed

Question 19

Lyme Disease caused by…

Answer 19

Borrellia burgdorferi is the causative agent (spirochete)
zoonosis (animal –> human)
vector - tick
reservoir = deer

Question 20

signs and symptoms of lyme disease

Answer 20

First phase: bull’s eye rash (quite susceptible to antibiotic therapy), will go away on its own if not treated but can cause more problems

Second phase (2-8 wks after)more severe symptoms: irregular heartbeat, neurological symptoms, encephalitis, pain when moving eyes, cognitive defects, fatigue, headaches, fainting,

Third phase (6mo - several years): arthritis (where the disease likes to hang out), very difficult to get rid of (basiclaly latent)

Question 21

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by…

Answer 21

Ricketsia rickettsii

Vector: tick

Question 22

Rocky Mountain diagnosis and treatment

Answer 22

harder to diagnose (may be mistaken for measles etc), but rash will occur on palms and soles of feet w this one and not measles

responsive to antibiotic, but 20% mortality without

difficult to diagnose in those with darker skin

fever, rash are symptoms

Question 23

Viral diseases

Answer 23

• Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• infectious mononucleosis (mono)
• Evola Hemorrhagic Fever

Question 24

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is ….

Answer 24

most common childhood cancer in Africa
in US, occurs in immunocompromised people (such as HIV+)
jaw cancer

Question 25

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with…

Answer 25

associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) - transmitted via saliva

Most people in US have EBV, but most are not affected

Question 26

Infectious Mononucleosis (mono)

Answer 26

caused by EBV (epstein-barr virus)

infects B cells;

transmitted via saliva

Question 27

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 27

caused by Ebola virus

• disrupts blood clotting
• lesions, burst, blood spills, transmitted
• reservoir = fruit bat
• can be transmitted person-to-person
• EID

Question 28

Protozoan Diseases

Answer 28

• Toxoplasmosis

- Malaria

Question 29

Toxoplasmosis is caused by…

Answer 29

Toxoplasma gondii.

Acquire by: eating undercooked meat OR from cats (feces - problem if pregnant woman contracts at any time during pregnancy)

main issue is during pregnancy

Question 30

Malaria is caused by…

Answer 30

One of four Plasmodium spp.

Severity varies.

Question 31

Malaria vector

Answer 31

Anopheles mosquito in Africa. endemic in some areas

Question 32

Malaria’s stages

Answer 32

one of them is in the RBCs of human beings; as they mature, RBCs burst open, releasing them –> chills

Question 33

Malaria treatment

Answer 33

• Quinine (tree bark)
• Chloroquine
• Mefloquine

Difficult to get rid of completely; sometimes people will have reactivations.

Question 34

Malaria vaccine

Answer 34

Approved in october 2021

WHO recommends widespread vaccination for children

Question 35

Climate change and disease

Answer 35

affecting how diseases are being spread
READ pp. 672-673
quiz question