Ch. 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

The study of diseases

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

the cause of disease

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

How a disease develops

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

Invasion of the body from pathogens

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

Any change in the human body from a state of health. We will be studying infectious diseases.

Question 6

Human microbiome

Answer 6

• starts from birth
• enterobacteriaceae
• proprionibacterium
• lactobacilli (vagina)
  Post birth :
• microbes from environment, breathing, feeding
• may change in life

Question 7

Normal microbiota

Answer 7

present in skin, resp tract, GI tract, but not in neuro or in blood

Question 8

Relationship with host - Commensalism

Answer 8

One benefits and one is not affected. Dr. Redd says this one does not really exist.

Question 9

Mutualism

Answer 9

Both organisms benefit. exp: E. Coli in the intestine

Question 10

Parasitism

Answer 10

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

Question 11

Role of normal microbiota – microbial antagonism

Answer 11

Normal microbiota antagonizes pathogens by crowding them out and producing toxins.

Question 12

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 12

• Usually not harmful unless….
• If a microbe is in a location they’re not supposed to be in
• If host is compromised
• E. Coli is not good in urinary tract

Question 13

Cooperation

Answer 13

If you’re infected, that pathogen works with normal microbiota. Gives a place to land.

Question 14

Etiology of infectious disease - Koch’s postulates

Answer 14

Robert Koch (1877) developed a series of questions to connect a microbe with a disease.

Question 15

Steps of Koch’s postulates

Answer 15

1. Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal
2. the microorganisms are grown in pure culture
3. Microorganisms are inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal
4. Disease is reproduced in laboratory animal
5. The microorganisms are isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture

Question 16

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

Answer 16

• One disease, many pathogens
• For example pneumonia
• Inability to isolate organism and grow in pure culture (e.g. viruses)
• Ethics. Like viruses.

Question 17

Signs

Answer 17

An objective measure. Exp –> WBC, RBC, swelling, etc

Question 18

Symptoms

Answer 18

Subjective that the patient feels like pain or nausea

Question 19

Syndrome

Answer 19

Collection of signs and symptoms

Question 20

Communicable disease

Answer 20

Person to person. Contagious disease from a host

Question 21

Non communicable disease:

Answer 21

Only from environment

Question 22

Incidence

Answer 22

Number of people infected in a specific time period. i.e. speed of spread

Question 23

Prevalence

Answer 23

Total number of disease at a specific time

Question 24

Sporadic

Answer 24

occurance of disease happens once in a while

Question 25

Endemic

Answer 25

Always present. Can vary in certain places. Some think that covid will be an endemic.

Question 26

Epidemic

Answer 26

Many people acquire it in short periods of time. An outbreak is a smaller population that gets the disease.

Question 27

Pandemic

Answer 27

Worldwide epidemic

Question 28

Severity/duration in host -- acute

Answer 28

Shorter duration. Sometimes for extreme.

Question 29

Chronic

Answer 29

Longer, can be less severe

Question 30

Subacute

Answer 30

Longer than acute, not as long as chronic

Question 31

Latent

Answer 31

Lies dormant for a while, then it may resurface

Question 32

Herd immunity

Answer 32

Most people immune in a population (from a vaccine not just "natural selection" !!), in order to protect those that are vulnerable.

Question 33

Extent of host involvement - Local infection

Answer 33

A finer, a cold in respiratory tract, its smaller in the area it affects

Question 34

Systemic infection

Answer 34

Starts with local and travels in the blood stream to certain spots. affects many body systems.

Question 35

Focal infection

Answer 35

Focus on where it started, then where it spread to. exp -- | inner ear --> meninges

Question 36

Sepsis

Answer 36

A toxic inflammatory condition from multiplication of microbes in the body

Question 37

Septicemia

Answer 37

Growth of microbes in the blood. Actively growing.

Question 38

Bacteriemia

Answer 38

Bacteria in blood.

Question 39

Toxemia

Answer 39

Toxins in the blood

Question 40

Viremia

Answer 40

Virus in the blood

Question 41

Primary infection

Answer 41

2st infection

Question 42

Secondary infection

Answer 42

2nd infection. 1st and 2nd can happen at the same time.

Question 43

Subclinical (inapparent) infection

Answer 43

May not have symptoms and the host may not know that they have an infection

Question 44

Patterns of disease -- Predisposing factors

Answer 44

Makes the body more susceptible to the dev. of disease

Question 45

Stages of infectious diseases # of microbes and time

Answer 45

1. Incubation 2. Prodromal period: Mild symptoms. 3. Period of illness. Most severe. 4. Period of decline. Symptoms get a bit better. 5. Period of convalescence. Body is "cleaning up".

Question 46

Spread of infection -- reservoirs

Answer 46

2. Humans = Communicable. Symptomatic or asymptomatic. | 1. Animals = carry zoonoses which is just a virus that is from an animal. Wild or domestic.

Question 47

3rd kind of reservoir

Answer 47

Environment. Tetanus example or botulism. Like contaminated water etc.

Question 48

Transmission of disease - Direct contact

Answer 48

Kiss, sex, touch. Skin to skin.

Question 49

Prevent infection with

Answer 49

PPE!

Question 50

Object that transmits disease

Answer 50

A fomite. an inanimate object that transmits disease.

Question 51

Droplet transmission

Answer 51

Sneezes and breathing etc.

Question 52

Vehicle transmission

Answer 52

Air, water, food. Can encompass airborne and waterborn routes.

Question 53

Vector

Answer 53

transmitted via an arthropod

Question 54

Mechanical vector

Answer 54

Pathogen picked up by exp. legs/outside of bug

Question 55

Biological vector

Answer 55

The organism enters body of vector. Maybe part of microbes lifecycle.

Question 56

HAI's -- Causes

Answer 56

- microbes in environment - Compromised host - Chain of transmission? break it

Question 57

Emerging infectious disease (EID)

Answer 57

New or changing disease that has increased in incidence in the recent past. Potential to increase in the near future. 75% are Zooenoses.

Question 58

Epidemiology terms

Answer 58

Study of when/where and how diseases are transmitted

Question 59

Morbidity rate

Answer 59

Number of people infected in a given time

Question 60

Mortality

Answer 60

the number of people who have died from a disease in a specific time

Question 61

Case reporting

Answer 61

CDC responsible. Notifiable diseases. EXP: some STIs.