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BIOL 222 > Ch. 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of diseases

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2
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How a disease develops

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4
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of the body from pathogens

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5
Q

Disease

A

Any change in the human body from a state of health. We will be studying infectious diseases.

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6
Q

Human microbiome

A
  • starts from birth
  • enterobacteriaceae
  • proprionibacterium
  • lactobacilli (vagina)
    Post birth :
  • microbes from environment, breathing, feeding
  • may change in life
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7
Q

Normal microbiota

A

present in skin, resp tract, GI tract, but not in neuro or in blood

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8
Q

Relationship with host - Commensalism

A

One benefits and one is not affected. Dr. Redd says this one does not really exist.

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9
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit. exp: E. Coli in the intestine

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10
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

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11
Q

Role of normal microbiota – microbial antagonism

A

Normal microbiota antagonizes pathogens by crowding them out and producing toxins.

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12
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A
  • Usually not harmful unless….
  • If a microbe is in a location they’re not supposed to be in
  • If host is compromised
  • E. Coli is not good in urinary tract
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13
Q

Cooperation

A

If you’re infected, that pathogen works with normal microbiota. Gives a place to land.

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14
Q

Etiology of infectious disease - Koch’s postulates

A

Robert Koch (1877) developed a series of questions to connect a microbe with a disease.

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15
Q

Steps of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal
  2. the microorganisms are grown in pure culture
  3. Microorganisms are inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal
  4. Disease is reproduced in laboratory animal
  5. The microorganisms are isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture
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16
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A
  • One disease, many pathogens
  • For example pneumonia
  • Inability to isolate organism and grow in pure culture (e.g. viruses)
  • Ethics. Like viruses.
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17
Q

Signs

A

An objective measure. Exp –> WBC, RBC, swelling, etc

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18
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective that the patient feels like pain or nausea

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19
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms

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20
Q

Communicable disease

A

Person to person. Contagious disease from a host

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21
Q

Non communicable disease:

A

Only from environment

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22
Q

Incidence

A

Number of people infected in a specific time period. i.e. speed of spread

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23
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of disease at a specific time

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24
Q

Sporadic

A

occurance of disease happens once in a while

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25
Q

Endemic

A

Always present. Can vary in certain places. Some think that covid will be an endemic.

26
Q

Epidemic

A

Many people acquire it in short periods of time. An outbreak is a smaller population that gets the disease.

27
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic

28
Q

Severity/duration in host – acute

A

Shorter duration. Sometimes for extreme.

29
Q

Chronic

A

Longer, can be less severe

30
Q

Subacute

A

Longer than acute, not as long as chronic

31
Q

Latent

A

Lies dormant for a while, then it may resurface

32
Q

Herd immunity

A

Most people immune in a population (from a vaccine not just “natural selection” !!), in order to protect those that are vulnerable.

33
Q

Extent of host involvement - Local infection

A

A finer, a cold in respiratory tract, its smaller in the area it affects

34
Q

Systemic infection

A

Starts with local and travels in the blood stream to certain spots. affects many body systems.

35
Q

Focal infection

A

Focus on where it started, then where it spread to. exp –

inner ear –> meninges

36
Q

Sepsis

A

A toxic inflammatory condition from multiplication of microbes in the body

37
Q

Septicemia

A

Growth of microbes in the blood. Actively growing.

38
Q

Bacteriemia

A

Bacteria in blood.

39
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

40
Q

Viremia

A

Virus in the blood

41
Q

Primary infection

A

2st infection

42
Q

Secondary infection

A

2nd infection. 1st and 2nd can happen at the same time.

43
Q

Subclinical (inapparent) infection

A

May not have symptoms and the host may not know that they have an infection

44
Q

Patterns of disease – Predisposing factors

A

Makes the body more susceptible to the dev. of disease

45
Q

Stages of infectious diseases # of microbes and time

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal period: Mild symptoms.
  3. Period of illness. Most severe.
  4. Period of decline. Symptoms get a bit better.
  5. Period of convalescence. Body is “cleaning up”.
46
Q

Spread of infection – reservoirs

A
  1. Humans = Communicable. Symptomatic or asymptomatic.

1. Animals = carry zoonoses which is just a virus that is from an animal. Wild or domestic.

47
Q

3rd kind of reservoir

A

Environment. Tetanus example or botulism. Like contaminated water etc.

48
Q

Transmission of disease - Direct contact

A

Kiss, sex, touch. Skin to skin.

49
Q

Prevent infection with

A

PPE!

50
Q

Object that transmits disease

A

A fomite. an inanimate object that transmits disease.

51
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Sneezes and breathing etc.

52
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Air, water, food. Can encompass airborne and waterborn routes.

53
Q

Vector

A

transmitted via an arthropod

54
Q

Mechanical vector

A

Pathogen picked up by exp. legs/outside of bug

55
Q

Biological vector

A

The organism enters body of vector. Maybe part of microbes lifecycle.

56
Q

HAI’s – Causes

A
  • microbes in environment
  • Compromised host
  • Chain of transmission? break it
57
Q

Emerging infectious disease (EID)

A

New or changing disease that has increased in incidence in the recent past. Potential to increase in the near future. 75% are Zooenoses.

58
Q

Epidemiology terms

A

Study of when/where and how diseases are transmitted

59
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Number of people infected in a given time

60
Q

Mortality

A

the number of people who have died from a disease in a specific time

61
Q

Case reporting

A

CDC responsible. Notifiable diseases. EXP: some STIs.

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

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