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BIOL 222 > Ch. 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Normal microbiota of respiratory system

A

contain some potential opportunistic pathogens

upper respiratory is down to trachea; plenty of microbes

lower respiratory is trachea down; few microbes (some oral bacteria)

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2
Q

Portals of entry for respiratory diseases

A

nose, mouth, and eyes

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3
Q

Inflammations of upper respiratory:

A 
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Tonsillitis
Epiglottitis
Sinusitis
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4
Q

Bacterial diseases of upper respiratory system

A

Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis)
Diphtheria
Otitis Media

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5
Q

Viral diseases of upper respiratory system

A

Common cold (influenza)

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6
Q

Strep Throat caused by…

A

Group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes)

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7
Q

S&S Strep Throat

A

Bright red throat
Very sore
Often accompanied by a fever

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8
Q

Transmission of strep throat

A

droplet; historically from unpasteurized milk

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9
Q

Strep throat and scarlet fever

A

red skin caused by erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes (not all strains)

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10
Q

Diagnosis of strep throat

A

Beta-hemolysis on blood agar (~24 hr)

Rapid strep test (~15 min)

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11
Q

Treatment of strep throat

A

Most still susceptible to beta-lactamase (penicillins)
Not always antibiotics
Treat quickly; longer infection = higher chance to develop autoimmune rxn

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12
Q

Diphtheria caused by…

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Gram positive rod

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13
Q

S&S Diphtheria

A

Membrane across the throat (dead bacterial and epithelial cells), completely blocking off the airway
Inhibition of protein synthesis (exotoxin) –> Nerve, heart, kidney, etc damage
Hence, very deadly !!

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14
Q

Diphtheria transmission

A

droplet

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15
Q

Diphtheria treatment

A

1) Antibiotics and antitoxin (neutralize toxin)
2) Breaking membrane
3) DTap/Tdap vaccine
- Diphtheria toxoid
- Very low incidence in N America

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16
Q

Otitis media

A

(middle ear infection; behind eardrum)
Complication of nose and throat infections travelled up eustachian tube (more common in little children as it is shorter and more horizontal)

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17
Q

Otitis media causes

A

Can be bacterial or viral (bacterial = more cloudy); bulging eardrum

Common causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Hemophilus influenzae (other bacterial causes)

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18
Q

Why should we especially treat otitis media in young children?

A

Can greatly delay speaking ability
Secondary infection: meningitis
Often use amoxicillin to treat or other

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19
Q

Common cold cause

A

over 200 different viruses: Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses

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20
Q

Concern with common cold

A

Usually not fatal, but can cause secondary infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, otitis media, lower respiratory infections (e.g. pneumonia)

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21
Q

Common cold transmission

A

indirect contact (fomites)

22
Q

Key to prevent common cold

A

handwashing

23
Q

Bacterial diseases of the lower respiratory system

A

Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Tuberculosis
Bacterial Pneumonias

24
Q

Viral diseases of the lower respiratory system

A

Sars-COV-2
Viral Pneumonia
Influenza Virus

25
Q

Fungal diseases of the respiratory system

A

Histoplasmosis

Pneumocystis pneumonia

26
Q

Pertussis caused by…

A

Bordetella pertussis

  • Gram negative
  • Produces two toxins:
    • tracheal toxin (damage to ciliated cells = mucus = cough = ciliary escalator does not work)
    • Pertussis toxin (enters bloodstream, causes fever, malaise
  • Attaches to cilia so ciliary escalator does not work
27
Q

S&S pertussis

A 
Severe coughing, and deep inhale
First stage (catarrhal): mild, runny nose, coughing (seems like cold)
Second stage (paroxysmal): paroxysms of coughing (can cause brain damage in babies and young children; cracked ribs, etc)
Third stage (convalescence): can take weeks; improving
28
Q

pertussis treatment

A

Antibiotics don’t make difference
Hot shower to create a steamy room; helps loosen gunk in lungs
DtaP and Tdap vaccines

29
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by…

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Acid-fast; slow-growing
  • Inhibits absorption of antibiotic
  • Intracellular in macrophages (not obligate)
30
Q

TB screening

A

Tuberculin skin test – wheal = macrophage 2ndary response

31
Q

TB diagnosis

A 
Sputum test (acid fast)
Molecular biology test; detects IFN-gamma (produced in response to TB infection) or M. tuberculosis itself
32
Q

TB treatment

A 
1st line drugs
2nd line drugs (if first don’t work)
Drug resistance is a problem
MDR
XDR (extreme drug resistant)
BCG vaccine -- not very effective; interferes with accurate interpretations of TB test
33
Q

Bacterial pneumonias caused…

A

many causes! for example, Legionnares disease

34
Q

Legionellosis caused by…

A

Legionella pneumophila (Aerobic gram-negative rod)

35
Q

Legionellosis transmission

A

water – fountains, cooling towers, misting machines, etc.
Aerosol, not so much person-to-person

Fairly resistant to chlorine; form biofilms

36
Q

COVID is caused by…

A

SARS-COV-2
Enveloped virus
Nucleic acid – ssRNA (RNA virus; not retrovirus)
Spikes on envelope:
E(nvelope) Protein: cation channel
M(embrane) Protein: shape of structural envelope; assembly
S(pike) Protein: binds to host cell at ACE-2 (host cell receptor)

37
Q

S&S COVID

A

cough, SOB, difficulty breathing; fever/chills; muscle or body aches; vomiting or diarrhea; new loss of taste or smell

38
Q

Long COVID

A

severe long symptoms after primary infection

Neurological symptoms (memory loss, reduced attn span, inability to think clearly)
Fatigue
Headaches
Dizziness
Difficulty breathing
lost/distorted taste/smell
Cardiac problems
Persistent insomnia
Depression
And more....
39
Q

treatment of COVID

A

vaccination

some drugs (but since it’s viral, don’t do much)

40
Q

Viral pneumonia causes

A

Many viruses; sometimes not sure which one it is (bacterial or viral)

41
Q

Influenza virus causes

A 
RNA virus (not retrovirus); eight segments of RNA in genome
Two spikes in envelope: HA (hemagglutinin -- entry into cell; binds to receptors outside of cell) and NA (neuraminidase -- necessary for leaving the cell) spike
42
Q

S&S Influenza

A 
high fever
persistent cough
extreme fatigue
severe muscle aches
severe headaches
43
Q

Yearly flu shot due to…

A

antigenic shift and drift

44
Q

antigenic shift

A

A lot of mutations are made when RNA is copied; antigens change shape etc
Accumulation of mutations over time so spikes change

45
Q

antigenic drift

A

Reassortment of genome segments between human and animal influenza in a host cell

46
Q

Influenza vaccines

A

Flu shot = inactive vaccine; 6 weeks to get immunity

FluMist = attenuated vaccine; nasal spray (immune resp at site of infection)

47
Q

antiviral medications

A

Tamiflu (NA inhibitor)
Relenza (NA inhibitor)
Must be taken 24 hrs after onset to be effective

48
Q

Histoplasmosis is caused by…

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

49
Q

Histoplasmosis transmission

A

inhalation of spores; bird/bat droppings or moist soil

50
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii
Opportunistic pathogen – immunocompromised individuals
Tend to show up in HIV + individuals

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

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