Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 222 > Ch. 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Normal microbiota of respiratory system

A

contain some potential opportunistic pathogens

upper respiratory is down to trachea; plenty of microbes

lower respiratory is trachea down; few microbes (some oral bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Portals of entry for respiratory diseases

A

nose, mouth, and eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inflammations of upper respiratory:

A 
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Tonsillitis
Epiglottitis
Sinusitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacterial diseases of upper respiratory system

A

Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis)
Diphtheria
Otitis Media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Viral diseases of upper respiratory system

A

Common cold (influenza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Strep Throat caused by…

A

Group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S&S Strep Throat

A

Bright red throat
Very sore
Often accompanied by a fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transmission of strep throat

A

droplet; historically from unpasteurized milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Strep throat and scarlet fever

A

red skin caused by erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes (not all strains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnosis of strep throat

A

Beta-hemolysis on blood agar (~24 hr)

Rapid strep test (~15 min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment of strep throat

A

Most still susceptible to beta-lactamase (penicillins)
Not always antibiotics
Treat quickly; longer infection = higher chance to develop autoimmune rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diphtheria caused by…

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Gram positive rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S&S Diphtheria

A

Membrane across the throat (dead bacterial and epithelial cells), completely blocking off the airway
Inhibition of protein synthesis (exotoxin) –> Nerve, heart, kidney, etc damage
Hence, very deadly !!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diphtheria transmission

A

droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diphtheria treatment

A

1) Antibiotics and antitoxin (neutralize toxin)
2) Breaking membrane
3) DTap/Tdap vaccine
- Diphtheria toxoid
- Very low incidence in N America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Otitis media

A

(middle ear infection; behind eardrum)
Complication of nose and throat infections travelled up eustachian tube (more common in little children as it is shorter and more horizontal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Otitis media causes

A

Can be bacterial or viral (bacterial = more cloudy); bulging eardrum

Common causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Hemophilus influenzae (other bacterial causes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why should we especially treat otitis media in young children?

A

Can greatly delay speaking ability
Secondary infection: meningitis
Often use amoxicillin to treat or other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Common cold cause

A

over 200 different viruses: Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Concern with common cold

A

Usually not fatal, but can cause secondary infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, otitis media, lower respiratory infections (e.g. pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Common cold transmission

A

indirect contact (fomites)

22
Q

Key to prevent common cold

A

handwashing

23
Q

Bacterial diseases of the lower respiratory system

A

Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Tuberculosis
Bacterial Pneumonias

24
Q

Viral diseases of the lower respiratory system

A

Sars-COV-2
Viral Pneumonia
Influenza Virus

25
Fungal diseases of the respiratory system
Histoplasmosis | Pneumocystis pneumonia
26
Pertussis caused by...
Bordetella pertussis - Gram negative - Produces two toxins: - tracheal toxin (damage to ciliated cells = mucus = cough = ciliary escalator does not work) - Pertussis toxin (enters bloodstream, causes fever, malaise - Attaches to cilia so ciliary escalator does not work
27
S&S pertussis
``` Severe coughing, and deep inhale First stage (catarrhal): mild, runny nose, coughing (seems like cold) Second stage (paroxysmal): paroxysms of coughing (can cause brain damage in babies and young children; cracked ribs, etc) Third stage (convalescence): can take weeks; improving ```
28
pertussis treatment
Antibiotics don’t make difference Hot shower to create a steamy room; helps loosen gunk in lungs DtaP and Tdap vaccines
29
Tuberculosis is caused by...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Acid-fast; slow-growing - Inhibits absorption of antibiotic - Intracellular in macrophages (not obligate)
30
TB screening
Tuberculin skin test -- wheal = macrophage 2ndary response
31
TB diagnosis
``` Sputum test (acid fast) Molecular biology test; detects IFN-gamma (produced in response to TB infection) or M. tuberculosis itself ```
32
TB treatment
``` 1st line drugs 2nd line drugs (if first don’t work) Drug resistance is a problem MDR XDR (extreme drug resistant) BCG vaccine -- not very effective; interferes with accurate interpretations of TB test ```
33
Bacterial pneumonias caused...
many causes! for example, Legionnares disease
34
Legionellosis caused by...
Legionella pneumophila (Aerobic gram-negative rod)
35
Legionellosis transmission
water -- fountains, cooling towers, misting machines, etc. Aerosol, not so much person-to-person Fairly resistant to chlorine; form biofilms
36
COVID is caused by...
SARS-COV-2 Enveloped virus Nucleic acid -- ssRNA (RNA virus; not retrovirus) Spikes on envelope: E(nvelope) Protein: cation channel M(embrane) Protein: shape of structural envelope; assembly S(pike) Protein: binds to host cell at ACE-2 (host cell receptor)
37
S&S COVID
cough, SOB, difficulty breathing; fever/chills; muscle or body aches; vomiting or diarrhea; new loss of taste or smell
38
Long COVID
severe long symptoms after primary infection ``` Neurological symptoms (memory loss, reduced attn span, inability to think clearly) Fatigue Headaches Dizziness Difficulty breathing lost/distorted taste/smell Cardiac problems Persistent insomnia Depression And more.... ```
39
treatment of COVID
vaccination some drugs (but since it's viral, don't do much)
40
Viral pneumonia causes
Many viruses; sometimes not sure which one it is (bacterial or viral)
41
Influenza virus causes
``` RNA virus (not retrovirus); eight segments of RNA in genome Two spikes in envelope: HA (hemagglutinin -- entry into cell; binds to receptors outside of cell) and NA (neuraminidase -- necessary for leaving the cell) spike ```
42
S&S Influenza
``` high fever persistent cough extreme fatigue severe muscle aches severe headaches ```
43
Yearly flu shot due to...
antigenic shift and drift
44
antigenic shift
A lot of mutations are made when RNA is copied; antigens change shape etc Accumulation of mutations over time so spikes change
45
antigenic drift
Reassortment of genome segments between human and animal influenza in a host cell
46
Influenza vaccines
Flu shot = inactive vaccine; 6 weeks to get immunity | FluMist = attenuated vaccine; nasal spray (immune resp at site of infection)
47
antiviral medications
Tamiflu (NA inhibitor) Relenza (NA inhibitor) Must be taken 24 hrs after onset to be effective
48
Histoplasmosis is caused by...
Histoplasma capsulatum
49
Histoplasmosis transmission
inhalation of spores; bird/bat droppings or moist soil
50
Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by
Pneumocystis jirovecii Opportunistic pathogen -- immunocompromised individuals Tend to show up in HIV + individuals

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions