Ch. 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Prokaryotes – Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 1

No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, Binary fission, “simple” chromosomes

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Animal cells, have nucleus, organelles with membranes, mitosis or meiosis, more complex chromosomes

Question 3

Monomorphic

Answer 3

One shape per species

Question 4

Pleomorphic

Answer 4

Over 1 shape

Question 5

Spherical shape name

Answer 5

Coccus.
Diplococci (two together, divided on one plane). Streptococci (long strand, dividing all on one plane).
Tetrad (divided in more than one plane)
Sarcinae (divided in several planes, producing 8 cells)
Straphylococci (dividing all over, a little mass of them)

Question 6

Rod shaped name

Answer 6

Bacillus.
Diplo-
Strepto- (long strand)
Coccobacillus (rotund rod shaped guy)

Question 7

Comma shaped name

Answer 7

Vibrio.

Question 8

Spiral shape name

Answer 8

Spirillum (spiral shape with flagella)

spirochete (flexible, corkscrews in order to move, w/ axial filament)

Question 9

Other shapes of bacteria

Answer 9

Star-shaped and rectangular

Question 10

Structure of prokaryotic cells –> Glycocalyx

Answer 10

has polysaccarides or polypeptides, sometimes has a capsule which protects from phagocytosis and dehydration (like skin). Broken down for nourishment in extreme cases.

Question 11

Flagella

Answer 11

For motility. Peritrichous (many all over). monotrichous (one). Lophotrichous & polar (many at one end). Amphitrichous & polar (many at both ends).

Question 12

Structure of flagella

Answer 12

Gram negative = anchor of flagellum goes to basal body w/ two sets of rings.
Gram-positive = one set of rings anchoring flagella.
They rotate, run, and tumble.

Question 13

Chemotaxis

Answer 13

movement in relation to chemicals.

Question 14

Phototaxis

Answer 14

Moving in relation to light

Question 15

Archaella

Answer 15

Motility of archaea. Composed of archaellins.

Question 16

Endoflagella

Answer 16

same thing as axial filament. Spirochetes motion. Snakelike. wrapped around a cell in order to corkscrew.

Question 17

Fimbriae

Answer 17

Shorter than flagella, and used for attatchment. Can be the difference between pathogenic or not.

Question 18

Pilus (-i)

Answer 18

DNA transfer. Longer than Frimbriae. Can be used for twitching or gliding motility.

Question 19

cell wall and gram stains

Answer 19

Gram-negative: Pink stain. Because the thick wall of lipopolysaccaride and thin wall of peptidoglycan (alcohol affects the lipids present in this cell wall)
Gram-positive: purple stain. Because of thick wall of peptidoglycan that keeps the initial stain inside.

Question 20

Periplasm

Answer 20

between membranes

Question 21

Cell wall function

Answer 21

Maintains cell shape. keeps cell from swelling in hypotonic solution.

Question 22

Atypical cell walls

Answer 22

mycoplasm = no cell walls

Mycobacterium: mycolic acid, acid fast…

Question 23

Archaea have ___ in their cell walls

Answer 23

pseudomirein instead of peptidoglycan

Question 24

Damage to cell walls

Answer 24

Lysozymes (in body fluids)

Penicillin (interfieres with binary fission and other things)

Question 25

Phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)

Answer 25

Selectively permeable, energy production, chromatophores: infolds of wall with enzymes for photosynthesis, breakdown of nutrients

Question 26

Movements of materials across plasma membrane (Passive)

Answer 26

Simple diffusion (high –> low).
Facilitated diffusion (W/ a protein transporter i.e. channel)
Facilitated diffusion w/ specific transporter protein
Osmosis (net movement of water)

Question 27

Osmotic pressure

Answer 27

Water level rising in tube as water moves into it

Question 28

Breaking of cell from Shrinkage in hypertonic solution is called:

Answer 28

Plasmolysis

Question 29

Inclusions

Answer 29

Not a bio unit, but is in cell. p 91.
Metachromatic granules (large)
Polysaccaride granules (glycogen and starch)
Lipid inclusions (fat)
Sulfure granules (serve as an energy reserve)
Carboxysomes (contain ribulose, for CO2 fixation)
Gas vacoules (maintain buoyancy)
Magnetosomes (iron oxide)

Question 30

Endospores

Answer 30

Dormant structures that develop for survival, when cells are exposed to a bad environment.

Question 31

Genera that produce endospores

Answer 31

Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 32

Making a spore

Answer 32

1. Spore septum begins and new DNA cell elongates
2. One chromosome isolated by double membrane. Space appears between membrane.
3. spore septum surrounds isolate portion, forming forespore. 2 membranes now around it.
4. Peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes. packages chromosomes.
5. Spore coat of protein forms around it. its very tough. original cell breaks.
6. Endospore is freed from cell. water + food help reactivate and germinate the spore.