Ch. 1 Microbio

Question 1

microorganism/microbe

Answer 1

living creature smaller than the naked eye. includes viruses (not living but can cause illness), bacteria, algae, protozoa, etc

Question 2

microorganism functions

Answer 2

aids in digestion
decomposition
homeostasis
fixing compounds
food (yogurt, bread)
pathogens

Question 3

microbiome

Answer 3

colony on organisms

colonization on humans begins before birth

Question 4

normal microbiota

Answer 4

permanent, especially in a state of health

Question 5

transient microbiota

Answer 5

temporary; reason why you wash your hands

Question 6

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 6

developed scientific nomenclature system

Question 7

scientific name

Answer 7

Genus and specific epithet

e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (italicize)

Question 8

strain designation E. coli

Answer 8

E. coli K12 (do not italicize strain)

Question 9

prokaryotic domains

Answer 9

bacteria and archaea

Question 10

bacteria characteristics

Answer 10

• cell walls w peptidoglycan
• divide by binary fission
• energy – organic/inorganic chemicals, photosynthesis

Question 11

archaea characteristics

Answer 11

• cell walls w no peptidoglycan

- live in extreme environments where humans cannot survive; typically very high salinity

Question 12

methanogens

Answer 12

produces methane; energy from hydrogen gas

Question 13

extreme halophiles

Answer 13

very high salt concentration (e.g. dead sea)

Question 14

extreme thermophiles

Answer 14

very high temperature

Question 15

eukarya

Answer 15

fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular animal parasites

Question 16

fungi characteristic

Answer 16

• cell walls with chitin carbohydrate
• may be unicellular or multicellular
• use organic chemicals for energy only

Question 17

protozoa characteristic

Answer 17

• single cells without cell walls
• require organic chemicals
• may be motile (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)
• some may be photosynthetic
• some may be pathogenic

Question 18

algae characteristic

Answer 18

• cell walls made of cellulose
• photosynthetic (fix CO2 –> sugars and O2)
• not pathogenic, but some produce toxins

Question 19

multicellular animal parasites

Answer 19

• helminths = worms, pathogenic

Question 20

viruses

Answer 20

nonliving; composed of 2 things
1) DNA or RNA core
2) surrounded by protein coat; sometimes a lipid envelope
obligate intracellular parasites (often kill cell; depend on host cell to replicate)

Question 21

robert hooke

Answer 21

• looked at things under a microscope
• “little boxes” = cells
• cell theory
• look at tissues under microscope

Question 22

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 22

• single lens microscope

- look at living cells

Question 23

spontaneous generation

Answer 23

living cells arise from nonliving; usually with a “vital force:

Question 24

biogenesis

Answer 24

living cells arise from living cells

Question 25

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 25

living from pre-existing living. He supported biogenesis.

Question 26

Francisco Redi

Answer 26

• meat flasks, supports biogenesis

Question 27

John Needham

Answer 27

• boiled broth, check sample (no bacteria), then check a few days later (bacteria)
• supports spontaneous generation
• contaminated – problem

Question 28

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 28

boiled and open, boiled and seal, supports biogenesis

Question 29

Louis Pasteur

Answer 29

• S shaped neck broth

- no microbes in broth; get trapped in neck