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BIOL 222 > Ch. 22 Microbe Diseases of the nervous system > Flashcards

Ch. 22 Microbe Diseases of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Does the NS have a microbiota?

A

No! So any microbes in there is probably bad news

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2
Q

Meningitis

A

Swelling/inflammation of the meninges, that can be caused by an infection

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3
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain

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4
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Bacterial meningitis. Caused by three we have to memorize:

  1. Neisseria Meningitides
  2. Haemophilus Influenzae
  3. S. Pneumoniae
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5
Q

Pathway and details of bacterial NS infection

A

Bacteria infect Mucous membranes –> get into bloodstream –> get into spinal fluid.

Spinal tap needed to asses infection. Death can occur within hours so a broad-spectrum lipid soluble (to cross barrier) antiinfective in administered immediately.

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6
Q

Aseptic (VIRAL) meningitis

A

Caused by viruses. More mild, and palliative care is usually used. Patient should recover.

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7
Q

Listeriosis

A

Caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Not obligate, but CAN and WILL live inside macrophages, making them harder to detect.

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8
Q

Listeriosis transmission & pregnancy complication

A
  • Secreted in animal feces & urine.
  • Foodborne & can grow in fridge (its a psychrotroph).
  • If pregnant when infection starts, causes 60% infant mortality rate
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9
Q

Tetanus Causes

A
  • Microbe: Clostridium Tetani.
  • Tetanospasmin (exotoxin) causes “spastic paraphysis” where both muscle agonist and antagonists contract at the same time (exp: lockjaw).
  • Takes a very small amount for it to work on body
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10
Q

Tetanus vaccine & treatment

A
  • Its the “T” in the DTaP vaccine.
  • Tetanus toxoid
  • Treatment is the tetanus antitoxin (TIG) & tetanus toxoid later on
  • Recovery does not result in immunity. There is not enough antigens in the body to produce a primary response. Only enough toxins to produce disease.
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11
Q

Botulism (recovery also DOES NOT mean immunity) & treatment

A
  • Clostridium Botulinum
  • A, B, E, neurotoxins (exotoxins) cause flaccid paralysis.
  • Treatment: Palliative & antitoxin
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12
Q

How botulism develops & what to do w/ food

A
  • Happens when you ingest improperly canned/preserved food. The scottish dish haggus is a prime example of what not to do with food.
  • Prevention: acidity prevents some of its growth, boiling canned things for 10 mins, not eating dented cans etc.
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13
Q

Can you give infants honey?

A

No! Sometimes C. botulidim is in honey in small amounts. Normal ADULT microbiota crowd out/destroy the botulidim. But infants don’t have a developed microbiota so they can develop infant botulism.

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14
Q

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

A
  • Mycobacterium leprae & M. lepromatosis (prob a mutation from original)
  • Not highly contagious
  • Transmission: Direct contact with nasal secretions
  • Treatment: Chemo for a long period of time. However, not contagious within 3 days of treatment.
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15
Q

Tuberculoid form of leprosy

A
  • Mild

- can lead to lepromatous (severe)

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16
Q

Lepromatous form of leprosy

A
  • You lose cartilagenous parts of your body because the microbe grows best in colder-than-core-temps of your body. So toes, fingers, etc where temp is cooler.
  • Hides in macrophages
17
Q

Viral diseases - polio brief details

A
  • Affects peripheral nerves. can cause paralysis.
  • Iron lung = used if person’s respiratory muscles are paralyzed. Some people recovered.
  • Severe epidemics in summer. Had to keep kids at home.
18
Q

Polio important details

A
  • proper term: Poliomyelitis
  • Poliovirus
  • Fecal –> oral route
  • Vaccines:
    • Salk vaccine (IPV). Effective. needed boosters
    • Sabin vaccine (OPV). Attenuated vaccine. Less boosters.
19
Q

Rabies

A
  • Rabies virus
  • Portals of entry:
    • Parenteral route: proliferates in PNS then travels to the
      CNS.
    • Aerosols. Mainly in rabies labs.
  • Thought of water can cause spasms. Untreated = death.
20
Q

Rabies Treatment

A
  • PEP. Post exposure prophylaxis.
  • Rabies is slow growing so PEP will allow for antibody neutralization from one’s own immune response.
  • Pasteur made the first rabies vaccines. sacrificed bunnies.
21
Q

Rabies vaccines & treatments

A
  • HDCV. Rabies grown in cell cultures. 4 injections. At 3, 4, & 17 days.
  • RIG. Rabies antibodies. Passive immunity.
  • Milwaukee protocol. Infected person is too far into infection and has not received vaccines soon enough. Put them into a coma and give them anti-viral drugs. Has worked for some people.
22
Q

Vertical transmission

A
  • Not all pathogens can cross the placenta
  • those that can:
    • Group B. Streptococcus
    • Listeria monocytogenes
      ….others….
    • Can cause preemie, enlarged head and cognitive disorders
23
Q

Torch screening test

A
  • Testing done for diseases that can affect fetuses
  • T: toxoplasmosis
  • O: other…syphillus, HIV, Chickenpox, Measles
  • R: Rubella
  • C: Cytomegalovirus
  • H: Herpes simplex virus
24
Q

Protozoan diseases - African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gamiense (Humans only reservoir)
  • T.b. rhodesciense (resovoir: domestic and wild animals)
  • Vector: Tsetse fly
  • S/S: Fever, headache, deterioration of CNS
25
Q

African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) & vaccine?

A

No vaccine. Organisms change antigens and so your body is constantly fighting the change. Basically too much antigenic variation (happens in HIV too)
- Eliminate vectors for prevention

26
Q

Prions - transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

A

Only diagnosed through autopsy. table 13.6 for list of prion diseases.

27
Q

Unidentified agents - Chronic fatigue syndrome

A
  • Severe unexplained fatigue ≥ 6 months
  • At least 4 of the following:
  • Sore throat
    • Tender lymph nodes
    • Muscle pain
    • Joint pain
    • Headaches
    • Unrefreshing sleep
    • Malaise after exercise
    • Impaired short-term memory or concentration
    Cause(s)?????
    • Autoimmune
    • Post viral infections

BIOL 222 (22 decks)

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