Ch. 4: Nouns

Question 1

Masculine singular noun ending(s)?

Answer 1

endingless (סוּס)

Question 2

Masculine plural noun ending(s)?

Answer 2

ִ(סוּסִים)

Question 3

Masculine dual noun ending(s)?

Answer 3

סוּסַ֫יִם(“ayi” diphthong)

Question 4

Feminine singular noun ending(s)?

Answer 4

תּוֹרָה

Most common is the Qamets He ( ה ָ ), but others include: Pathach Taw ( ת ַ ) / Seghol Taw ( ת ֶ ) / Hireq Yod Taw ( ית ִ ) / Shureq Taw ( וּת )

Question 5

Feminine plural noun ending(s)?

Answer 5

Holem-waw taw (תּוֹרוֹת)

Question 6

On occasion the feminine plural ending וֹת will be spelled how?

Answer 6

Defectively ת ֹ

Question 7

Feminine dual noun ending(s)?

Answer 7

תַ֫יִם+(qamets) (two hands) (יָדַ֫יִם)

(two laws) (תּוֹרָתַ֫יִם

Question 8

What are the two consonants that are associated with femine word endings?

Answer 8

ה, ת

Question 9

What are the requirements to have a propretonic reduction?

Answer 9

1. Two-syllable noun
2. Accented on final syllable
3. Changeable long vowel in the pretonic syllable

Question 10

What is propetonic reduction?

Answer 10

1. Addition of plural ending will cause the changeable long vowel to be in an open propretonic syllable
2. It will reduce to a Shewa or or Hateph Pathach if guttual

(דְּבָרִים) < (דָּבָר)

(עֲנָנִים) < (עָנָן)

Question 11

What are Segholate Nouns?

Answer 11

Two-syllable nouns that are accented on the first syllable (they are called this because they typically have two Seghol vowels; מֶ֫לֶךְ)(though some only have one סֵ֫פֶר)

(some dont have any Sehols though, but are still accented on the first syllable)

Question 12

What is segholate pluralization?

Answer 12

While the vowel pattern of Segholate nouns will vary in the singular, they will always have the same vowel pattern in the plural.

Question 13

What is the typical pattern of Segholate pluralization?

Answer 13

1 Consonant: Vocal Shewa / Hateph (only Hateph Pathach)

2 Consonant: Qamets

3 Consonant: only what is included in the new ending

(מְלָכִים) < (מֶ֫לֶךְ)

Question 14

What is a Geminate noun?

Answer 14

Nouns that appear to only have two root consonants (in actuality, they originally had three root consonants; there are still a few Geminate nouns that occasionally preserve both Geminate consonants [לֵבָב] heart)

Question 15

What happens to a Geminate noun when it is pluralized?

Answer 15

The consonant that originally appeared twice will now be written once with Daghesh Forte (not all biconsonantal nouns were Geminante; such as Father, son, name [עַמִּים] < [עַם] people)

Question 16

What is unusually about the pluralization of Masculine Nouns ending with ה ֶ

(Seghol He)

Answer 16

Masculine nouns like (שָׂדֶה) drop the (ה ֶ) before taking a plural ending

Nouns of this type frequently take the feminine plural ending (וֹת)

(שָׂדוֹשׂ) < (שָׂדֶה) field

(מַעֲשִׂים) < (מַעֲשֶׂה) work

Question 17

What is irregular pluralization?

Answer 17

Irregular and unpredictable in their pluraliztion - e.g. from אִישׁ to אֲנָשִׁים mam to men (these will just have to be memorized)

Question 18

What is the first rule of Shewa?

Answer 18

Hebrew will not allow two contiguous Vocal Shewas

Question 19

What happens if a word were to start with two contiguous Shewas?

Answer 19

The first Shewa becomes a Hireq and the second Vocal Shewa becomes silent.

For exampel the prefixing of the prep. לְ (to, for) to נְבִיאִים (prophets) would produce לְנְבִיאִים but get reduced to לִנְבִיאִים

Question 20

What is an exception to the first Shewa rule?

Answer 20

when a word begins with יְ

Question 21

What happens when word begins with יְ and another Shewa is prefixed on it?

Answer 21

The first Vocal Shewa will change to a Hireq and the second Vocal Shewa will dissapear

(לִיהוּדָה) < (לְיְהוּדָה)

Question 22

What is the second rule of Shewa?

Answer 22

Hebrew does not allow a Vocal Shewa that is followed by a guttrual consonant that has a reduced or Hateph vowel. (for example: בְּחֲלוֹם)

Question 23

What happens when a the second rule is violated?

Answer 23

The first vocal Shewa will change to the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph

(בַּחֲלוֹם) < (בְּחֲלוֹם)

Question 24

What is an exception to the second rule of Shewa?

Answer 24

When a preposition like לְ is prefixed to a word that begins with an א and a reduced vowel, the א losses its vowel and the initial Shewa is becomes a lengthened form of the reduced vowel that dropped off (that was under the א)

(לֵאלֹהִים) < (אֱלֹהִים)

Question 25

Explain why מֶ֫לֶך is spelled מְלָכִים in the plural?

Answer 25

1. Propretonic reduction (מְ)
2. The לֶ becomes an open pretonic syllable and long vowels will always be in this type of syllable

Question 26

What types of words will typically not have a change when pluralized?

Answer 26

1. monosyllabic nouns with an unchangeable long vowel (שִׁיר / אוֹת)
2. Two-syllable with unchangeable long vowel in the second syllable and shewa/hateph in the first (רְחוֹב / חֲלוֹם)