Ch. 3: Syllabification and Pronunciation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first rule of syllabification?

A

Every syllable must begin with one consonant and have only one vowel

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2
Q

What is the second rule of syllabification?

A

There are only two types of syllables: open and closed

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3
Q

What is an open syllable?

A

A syllable that ends with a vowel

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4
Q

What is a closed syllable​?

A

A syllable that ends with a consonant

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5
Q

Where are Hebrew words usually accented?

A

Hebrew words are usually accented on the last syllable

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6
Q

What indicates that a word is not stressed on the last syllable?

A

The use of an accent mark over the stressed syllable

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7
Q

How are syllables classified in Hebrew?

A

Syllables are classified by their proximity to the accent

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8
Q

What is the name for the accented syllable?

A

The Tonic syllable

(or tone syllable)

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9
Q

What is the name for the syllable before the accented syllable?

A

The Pretonic syllable

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10
Q

What is the name for the syllable before the pretonic syllable?

A

The Propretonic syllable

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11
Q

What is the name for the last syllable of a word (regardless of accent)?

A

The ultima

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12
Q

What is the name for the next-to-last syllable of a word (regardless of accent)?

A

The penultima

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13
Q

What is the name for the syllable before the penultima?

A

The antepenultima

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14
Q

What does the Daghesh Forte do to a consonant?

A

It doubles the value of a consonant (but not the vowel)

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15
Q

What is the first rule for identifying whether a begadkephat is a Daghesh Forte or Lene? (the main rule for determining if a Forte)

A
  1. The Dahesh in a begadkephat is a Forte if preceded by a vowel

(for example the ה of אַתָּה is a Forte because it is preceded by a vowel under א)

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16
Q

What is the second rule for identifying whether a begadkephat is a Daghesh Forte or Lene? (how to identify if it is a Lene)

A
  1. The Dahesh in a begadkephat is a Lene if preceded by a consonant
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17
Q

What is the third rule for identifying whether a begadkephat is a Daghesh Forte or Lene? (Determining if a Daghesh is in the first consonant of a word)

A
  1. A begadkephat letter at the beginning of a word takes a Daghesh Lene unless the previous word ends in a vowel
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18
Q

Can gutturals and ר take Daghesh Lene or Forte?

A

Gutturals and ר can take neither Lene or Forte

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19
Q

What is the main rule for determining if a Shewa is silent or vocal?

A

A Shewa is silent if the previous vowel is short. In most other circumstances, it is vocal.

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20
Q

What type of syllable will a Vocal Shewa always occur in?

A

Open syllable

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21
Q

A Silent Shewa will always come at the end of what type of syllable?

A

Closed syllable (that is, after a short vowel)

22
Q

When is a Shewa Silent?

A
  1. if the previous vowel is short
  2. if it is the first of two contiguous Shewas
  3. if it is at the end of a word (for example, כָּתַבְתְּ both Shewas are silent, since the second comes at the end of the word)
    * (In most other circumstances it is vocal)*
23
Q

What is the main rule for determining when a Shewa is vocal?

A

The Shewa is vocal if it is not immediately preceded by a short vowel

24
Q

What are two other applications for determining if the Shewa is vocal?

A
  1. if it is after any unaccented long vowel
  2. the second of two contiguous Shewas
25
Q

Will an Initial Shewa (first vowel of a word) be vocal or silent?

A

Initial Shewa is always vocal

26
Q

Is a Shewa under a consonant with Daghesh Forte vocal or silent?

A

A Shewa under any consonant with Daghesh Forte is vocal

27
Q

What kind of Shewa can a guttural take?

A

A guttural can only take a Silent Shewa (but ר can take a Vocal Shewa)

28
Q

When does the Qamets Hatuf occur?

A

The Qamets Hatuf occurs only in a closed and unaccented syllable (חָכְ/מַה) (The first Qamets is a Hatuf because it is closed and unaccented; the second is a Qamats because it is accented and closed)

29
Q

Which word occurs most frequently with a Qamets Hatuf?

A
  • kol*
  • all of, each of, every*
30
Q

When does Qamets occur?

A

Qamets prefers an open, pretonic syllable or a closed, accented syllable (Ex: דָּבָר; Both are Qamets: the first is an open, pretonic syllable; the second is closed, accented)

31
Q

What symbol is used to distinguish between Qamets and Qamets Hatuf?

A

The Metheg

A small vertical line to the left of a Qamets

32
Q

What does a Metheg signify?

A

The presence of a Qamets, and not a Qamets Hatuf

33
Q

What is a Furtive Pathach?

A

When a word ends in Het or Ayin a Pathach may appear beneath this consonant and must be pronounced before the guttural (e.g. rûah)

34
Q

How does the Furitive Pathach effect syllabification?

A

It is not considered a full vowel, nor is it counted in syllabification (it goes along with the previous consonant/vowel combo; for example רַ/קִיעַ)

35
Q

What is a Quiescent Alef?

A

When Alef occurs without a vowel, it is quiescent – it is not considered a consonant within the rules of syllabification (for example: חַטְ/טָאת)

36
Q

What sometimes happens for the quiesced Aleph

A

Lengthen the preceding short vowel

37
Q

What is the most common Hebrew diphthong?

A

The AY diphthong (these syllables are considered closed, because they end with a consonant)

38
Q

What is the second most common Hebrew Diphthong?

A

וֶ ָ֫

AW Diphthong (these syllables are considered closed, because they end with a consonant)

39
Q

(Advanced)

What are the two factors that primarily influence a vowels preference for a particular type of syllable?

A
  1. type of syllable (closed / open)
  2. promity of the syllable to the accent
40
Q

What syllables do short vowels prefer?

A
  1. closed, unaccented (עֶ֫בֶד [בֶד])

or

  1. open, accented (עֶ֫בֶד [עֶ֫])
41
Q

What syllables do long vowels prefer?

A

(changeable or unchangeable)

  1. closed, accented (דָּבָר [בָר])
  2. open, pretonic (דָּבָר [ָדָּ])
42
Q

What syllables do vocal Shewa and reduced vowels prefer?

A
  1. open, propretonic (דְּבָרִים [דְּ)
43
Q

Reduced vowels will appear in what position with what consonant?

A

The reduced vowels appear with guttural consonants in the open, propretonic position (אֱ/לֹ/הִים)

44
Q

What kind of syllable do the reduced vowels only appear in?

A

Only in open syllables (they are never silent)

45
Q

What are three important considerations for gutturals (two of which have already been addressed in previous cards)?

A
  1. The gutturals (including ר) cannot take Daghesh Forte.
  2. The gutturals (excluding ר) cannot take Vocal Shewa but prefer Hateph (reduced) vowels.
  3. The gutturals prefer to appear with a-class vowels.
46
Q
A
47
Q

Gutturals prefer what vowel before them?

A

Pathach

48
Q

When a BGDKPFT letter follows a vowel what can it not have?

A

A Lene (I am not sure if this way of wording it will be helpful in the future)

49
Q
A
50
Q

Is a syllable at the end of a word that ends with a He vowel letter open or closed?

A

It is open, because the vowel letter does not count as a consonant

51
Q

For testing purposes, is the Shewa under a Forte vocal or silent?

A

It is vocal (I should not consider it both silent and closed as the video indicated for testing purposes)