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anatomy and physiology > ch 3.1-3.5 > Flashcards

ch 3.1-3.5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biology

A

study of life

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2
Q

what can living organisms do

A

-regulate their internal environment
- grow
- uptake nutrients
- eliminate waste
- reproduce
- respond to external stimuli

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3
Q

what are living organisms made of

A

cell

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4
Q

what is a cell

A

structural and functional unit of all living organisms enclosed in a membrane

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5
Q

what is a cell made up of

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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6
Q

what does a cell do

A

provide structure for the body
provide nutrients from food
convert nutrients into energy
carry out specialized functions
contain hereditary materials

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7
Q

multicellular organisms have

A

organ systems

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8
Q

what can be seen in a light microscope as the 3 major regions of a cell

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

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9
Q

what is the plasma membrane/ what is it made up of

A

lipid bilayer that has proteins embedded in it

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10
Q

what lipids are the lipid bilayer made of?

A

phospholipids-contains phosphorus
cholesterol
glycolipids-attached to carbohydrates

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11
Q

where is the plasma membrane

A

outside of the cell

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12
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

separates cell content
provides a protective layer
maintains a resting potential
controls what goes in and out of the cell (selective permeability)
helps identify the cells to other cells
signals cell-to-cell interaction

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13
Q

the plasma membrane mostly consists of

A

phospholipids…in a bilayer and proteins…mostly glycoproteins

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14
Q

what proteins are in the plasma membrane

A

integral
peripheral

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15
Q

what is an integral protein

A

protein embedded in plasma membrane

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16
Q

what does an integral protein do

A

moves molecules across the membrane

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17
Q

where is an integral protein

A

in plasma membrane

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18
Q

what is a peripheral protein

A

biologically active molecules formed of amino acids and interacts with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membrane

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19
Q

where is the peripheral protein

A

loosely attached to the exterior or interior surface of the membrane.
ex. glycoprotein

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20
Q

what does a peripheral protein do

A

attached to integral protein and provides framework for the plasma mebrane
moves stuff from out into the cell

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21
Q

what is selective permeability

A

plasma membrane allowing some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts others

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22
Q

some integral proteins form what?

A

ion channels…K+ can now move in and out of the cell

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23
Q

what can pass through the plasma membrane through integral proteins

A

small and medium sized water-soluble material
ions through forming an ion channel

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24
Q

what is a carrier

A

transporter
move a substance from one side of the membrane to the other by changing shape

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25
Q

where is a carrier

A

in plasma membrane its a protein

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26
Q

what is a receptor

A

an integral protein

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27
Q

what do receptors do

A

recognize and bind a specific molecule that controls a cellular function

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28
Q

example of cell identity markers

A

membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids

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29
Q

what does a cell identity marker do

A

enable a cell to recognize other cells of its own kind during tissue formation
recognizes and responds to potentially dangerous foreign cells

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30
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

the cytosol

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31
Q

where is ICF

A

fluid in a body that is contained inside body cells

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32
Q

what does ICF do

A

home of cytoskeleton
moves material around the cell

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33
Q

what is ECF

A

fluid outside body cells

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34
Q

where is extracellular fluid

A

in the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues…called interstitial fluid

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35
Q

what does ECf do/is the exchange of

A

the exchange of substances between the cells and the rest of the body

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36
Q

what is the nucleus

A

control centre of the cell
holds genetic info

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37
Q

what is the nucleus made of

A

chromatin -loosely dispersed DNA (cell not dividing)
chromosome -condensed chromatin

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38
Q

where is the nucleus

A

in cells

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39
Q

what does the nucleus do

A

controls cells-structure and activity
stores genetic info
produces ribosomes in nucleoli

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40
Q

what is cytoplasm composed of

A

cytosol and organelles

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41
Q

cytosol

A

liquid portion where organelles reside
-water, proteins, lipids, carbs etc

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42
Q

what is cytosol

A

liquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and is about 55% of the total cell volume

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42
Q

what is cytosol made of

A

75-90% water and dissolved solutes and suspended particles

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42
Q

what does cytosol do/waht is it the site of

A

site of many chemical reactions that maintain cell structures and allow for cellular growth

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42
Q

where is cytosol

A

in cytoplasm

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43
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do

A

structural support/ framework for the cell
scaffold to determine cell shape and organize its contents
aids in movement of organelles within a cell, of chromosomes during cell division and whole cells such as phagocytes

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43
Q

what is the cytoskeleton/what is it made of

A

network of three diff types of protein filaments

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44
Q

where is the cytoskeleton

A

in the cytosol (cytoplasm)

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45
Q

3 diff protein filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilament
intermediate filament
microtubules

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46
Q

what is a microfilament

A

protein filament

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47
Q

what does a microfilament do

A

provide mechanical support
generate movements-muscle contraction, cell division and cell locomotion
anchors cytoplasm to integral proteins
provide support for microvilli-they increase SA of a cell

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48
Q

where is a microfilament

A

cytosol

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49
Q

what is an intermediate filament

A

protein filament

50
Q

where are intermediate filaments found

A

found in parts of the cell subject to tension (in cytosol)

51
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

hold organelles in place
attach cells to eachother

52
Q

what do microtubules do

A

determine cell shape
movement of organelles
migration of chromosomes during cell division
movements of cilia and flagella

52
Q

what is a microtubule

A

largest of cytoskeletal components, long hollow tube

52
Q

where are microtubules found

A

in cytosol, type of protein filament of the cytoskeleton

53
Q

what is an organelle

A

specialized structure inside cells that have characteristic chapes and functions

54
Q

where is an organelle

A

in a cell

55
Q

what does organelles do/whats it made of
what is it

A

functional compartment where specific processes take place and has its own enzymes

56
Q

what is a centrosome

A

organelle
pair of centrioles and pericentriolar matric. pericentriolar matric contains 100s of tubulins-ring shaped proteins that organizing center’s for growth of mitotic spindle–important in cell division and making microtubules in nondividing cells

57
Q

where is a centrosome

A

near nucleus

58
Q

what is a centrosome made of

A

two centrioles(cylindrical structures)-composed of 3 microtubules in a circle pattern with pericentriolar matrix around it

59
Q

what is cilia

A

organelle

60
Q

what is cilia made of

A

short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

61
Q

what do cilia do

A

steady movement of fluid along the cell’s surface
motile projections of the cell surface

62
Q

what is flagella

A

organelle
motile projection of the cell surface

63
Q

what is flagella made of

A

similar in structure to cilia but bigger
ex sperm cell tail

64
Q

what do flagella do

A

move an entire cell…motile projections of the cell

65
Q

what is a ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

66
Q

where is a ribosome

A

in cytoplasm or bonded to the endoplasmic reticulum to from rough ER

67
Q

what is a ribosome made of

A

large and small subunit made in nucleous of the nucleus

68
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

synthesize proteins for insertion into the plasma membrane or for export from the cell
free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the cytosol

69
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

organelle
Rough ER-synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules
smooth ER-where fatty acids and steroids are synthesized

70
Q

what is the ER made of

A

network of folded membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules, extend throughout cytoplasm and connects to nuclear envelope

71
Q

where is the ER

A

throughout the cytoplasm…1/2 the membranous surfaces in cytoplasm of cells

72
Q

what is the rough er/what does it do

A

factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules
synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organisms, inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted in exocytosis

73
Q

what is the rough er made of

A

folded membranes with the outer membrane studded with ribosomes

74
Q

where is the rough er

A

extends from the nuclear envelope

75
Q

where is the smooth er

A

extends from the rough er

76
Q

what does the smooth er do

A

forms a network of membranous tissues
synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
inactivates drusg and other harmful substances
removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate
stores and releases calcium(triggers muscle contraction)

77
Q

what is the smooth er made of

A

folded membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules without ribosomes

78
Q

what is the golgi complex

A

first step in the transport pathway

79
Q

what is the golgi complex made of

A

3-20 cisterns..flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that are piled on eachother

80
Q

what does the golgi complex do

A

more extensive in cells that secrete proteins
modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the rough er

81
Q

what are lysosomes

A

membrane enclosed vesicles that may have up to 60 digestive enzymes
sacs of powerful digestive enzymes-digests old and worn out cell structures

82
Q

lysosomes are made of

A

enzymes…and carrier proteins (lysosomal membrane) allows the final products of digestion

83
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

breaks down molecules
digests old and worn out cells

84
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

vesicle containing oxidative enzymes

85
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

detoxifies harmful substances
ex. hydrogen peroxide and free radicals
enzyme that can destroy superoxide

86
Q

what are peroxisomes made of

A

oxidases-enzymes that oxidize (remove hydrogen atoms)

87
Q

what is a proteasome

A

tiny barrel shaped structure

88
Q

what is a proteasome made of

A

proteases (barrel structures) and enzymes that cut proteins

89
Q

what do proteasomes do

A

degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting it into small peptides

90
Q

if proteasomes fail to degrade abnormal proteins

A

diseases can occur such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

91
Q

what is a Mitochondria

A

site of the most ATP production

92
Q

what are mitochondrias made of

A

two membranes
outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth
inner mitochondrial membrane is arranged in cristae(folds)
there is a large central fluid filled cavity enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae called mitochondrial matrix
inner and outer membrane, cristae, matrix

93
Q

where is the mitochondria

A

in the cytoplasm in the nucleus

94
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase-nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate, assembly of mitotic spindle
metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle…each cells gets a functioning genome
anaphase-splits sister chromatids and are pulled to the pole by the fibres
telophase- chromosomes clusrter at the poles and nuclear memrbane forms around it
cytokinesis-division of the 2 daughter cells
before entering mitosis-in interphase where it grows
mitosis-asexual reproduction, replaces damaged tissues

95
Q

what is mitosis

A

dividing a cell into two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

96
Q

what is interphase

A

resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell
where it spends most of the time and grows

97
Q

steps of interphase

A

G1 the cell grows larger and organelles are copied
S phase- cell synthesizes a complete copy of dna in its nucleus
G2 cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and reorganizes its contents to prep for mitosis

98
Q

transport mechanisms

A

all molecules possess kinetic energy and are in constant motion
Passive
Active

99
Q

what is passive transport

A

transport from high conc to low conc
NO ENERGY
-diffusion
-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
- osmosis

100
Q

what is diffusion

A

moves from an area of high conc to low conc
important for every cell in the body

101
Q

what happens at equilibrium

A

net diffusion stops but random movements continue

102
Q

types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion

103
Q

what does simple diffusion do

A

unassisted movement of solute through a differently permeable membrane

104
Q

what does simple diffusion allow to move across the membrane

A

oxygen, CO2, Nitrogen gas, fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins (a,d,e,k), water and urea

105
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

molecules are assisted in ordered to be transported across plasma membrane
bigger molecules-use carrier protein
smaller molecules-cross through water-filled channels

106
Q

where is filtration

A

capillary walls and requires pressure

107
Q

what is osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
movement of water due to the conc gradient of nonpenetrating solutes

108
Q

what is isotonic solution

A

cells have normal size and shape. this is ideal
in intravenous solutions

109
Q

what is hypertonic solution

A

cells lose water and shrink
shrivel and shrink
shrinkage is called crenation
used for ppl who have cerebral edema

110
Q

what is hypotonic solution

A

hippo
absorbs water and then bursts
rupture is called hemolysis
used for ppl who are dehydrated

111
Q

types of active processes

A

active transport
vesicular transport

112
Q

what is an active process

A

a cell that uses energy (atp) to move substances across plasma membrane

113
Q

what is active transport

A

movement against concentration gradient
requires carrier proteins to move substances

114
Q

what does active transport do

A

transport substances across the membrane against a concentration gradient
most important pump-na/k pump…expels Na ions and brings in K ions…this pump acts as an enzyme to split ATP

115
Q

what is vesicular transport

A

movement of large particles

116
Q

types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis -into the cell
exocytosis- out of the cell

117
Q

what is endocytosis

A

when substances brought into the cell are surrounded by a bit of the plasma membrane and it buds off inside to form a vesicle containing the ingested substances

118
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
bulk phase endocytosis

119
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cell eating, large solid particles (whole bacteria, aged or dead cells) are taken in by the cell
two or more pseudopods surround and bind to form a vesicle-phagosome that enters cytoplasm
consumes solid particles

120
Q

what does phagocytosis do

A

vital defense mechanism that protects the body from disease

121
Q

what is bulk phase endocytosis

A

cell drinking…consumes liquid (doplets of extracellualr fluid)
the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle then it pinches off of the plasma mebrane and enters cytosol

122
Q

what is exocytosis

A

secretion of materials from a cell
out of cell

123
Q

exocytosis is important in

A

secretory cells-liberates digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus and other secretions
nerve cells-neurotransmitters are released this way

124
Q

why is the balance between endocytosis and exocytsosis important?

A

keeps surface area of a cell’s plasma membrane constant

anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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