aging, homeostasis, common disorders ch 21

Question 1

what happens to kidneys and what does this mean

Answer 1

shrink in size, decreased blood flow so filter less blood

Question 2

what percent does renal blood flow and filtration decline at from ages 40-70

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

whats most common in elderly

Answer 3

urinary tract infections
polyuria
nocturia
increased frequency of urination
dysuria (pain to pee)
urinary incontinence
hematuria (blood in pee)
dehydration

Question 4

as you age what kidney diseases are more common

Answer 4

acute and chronic kidney inflammations
renal calculi (kidney stones)

Question 4

focus on homeostasis integumentary system

Answer 4

synthesis of calcitriol, active form of vitamin d

Question 5

focus on homeostasis skeletal system

Answer 5

adjust levels of blood calcium and phosphates, needed for building extracellular bone matrix

Question 6

focus on homeostasis muscular system

Answer 6

adjust level of blood calcium needed for muscle contractions

Question 7

focus on homeostasis nervous system

Answer 7

-kidneys perform gluconeogenesis which provides glucose for ATP production in neurons, during starvation or fasting

Question 8

focus on homeostasis endocrine system

Answer 8

-kidneys participate in synthesis of calcitriol
- kidneys release erythropoietin, the hormone that stimulates production of RBC

Question 9

focus on homeostasis cardiovascular system

Answer 9

-adjust blood volume and blood pressure
- renin released by cells in kidneys raises blood pressure
- some bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown is converted to a yellow pigment (urobilin), excreted in urine

Question 10

focus on homeostasis lymphatic system and immunity

Answer 10

-kidneys help adjust the volume of interstitial fluid and lymph, urine flushes microbes out of urethra

Question 11

focus on homeostasis respiratory system

Answer 11

kidneys and lungs cooperate in adjusting ph of body fluids

Question 12

focus on homeostasis digestive system

Answer 12

synthesize calcitriol, needed for absorption of dietary calcium

Question 13

focus on homeostasis reproductive system

Answer 13

in males, portion of urethra that extends through prostate and penis is passageway for semen and urine

Question 14

focus on homeostasis for all body systems

Answer 14

-kidneys regulate volume, composition, ph of bodily fluids by removing wastes and excess substances from blood and excreting them in urine
- ureters transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder, which stores urine until it is eliminated through urethra

Question 15

glomerulonephritis-what it is,impact on urine

Answer 15

inflammation of glomeruli of kidney
- urine contains red blood cells (hematuria) and lots of protein (proteinuria)

Question 16

renal failure

Answer 16

decrease or failure of glomerular filtration

Question 17

acute renal failure-what is it, what does it do, what does it lead to

Answer 17

kidneys abruptly stop working entirely
- suppressed urine flow, leads to oliguria and anuria

Question 18

chronic renal failure-what is it, can result, final stage

Answer 18

progressive and irreversible decline in glomerular filtration rate
may result: chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, traumatic loss of kidney tissue
- end-stage renal failure:90% of nephrons have been lost…need dialysis and could get a kidney transplant

Question 19

polycystic kidney disease, is it inherited, what is it, leads to, where, increased risk

Answer 19

-inherited
-kidney tubules become riddled with hundreds or thousands of cysts (fluid-filled cavities) and inappropriate apoptosis (programmed cell death) in noncystic tubules happens
- leads to: renal failure
- cysts can be in liver, pancreas, spleen, gonads
- risk increased: cerebral aneurysms, heart valve defects and diverticuli in colon