aging, homeostasis and common disorders ch 6 Flashcards
2 main effects of aging on skeletal system
bones become more brittle and lose mass
factors of higher incidence of osteoporosis in women
smaller bone mass, lower levels of sex hormones
how does bone brittleness occur
decrease in the rate of protein synthesis and decrease in the production of human growth hormone, diminishes the production of collagen fibers that give bones its strentgh and flexibilty
loss of bone mass results from and leads to
demineralization
bone deformity, pain, stiffness, some loss of height and loss of teeth
once bone loss begins in females
8% of bone mass is lost every 10 years
focus on homeostasis for integumentary system
bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin
focus on homeostasis for muscular system
-provide attachment points for muscles and leverage for muscles to bring abut body movements
- muscles need calcium ions to contract
focus on homeostasis nervous sytem
-skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord
- normal blood level of calcium is needed for normal functioning of neurons and neuroglia
focus on homeostasis endocrine system
bones store and release calcium, needed during exocytosis of hormone filled vesicles for normal actions of many hormones
focus on homeostasis cardiovascular system
-red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
- rhythmic beating of the heart requires calcium ions
focus on homeostasis lymphatic system and immunity
red bone marrow produces lymphocytes white blood cells that are involved in immune responses
focus on homeostasis respiratory system
-axial skeleton of thorax protects lungs
- rib movements assist in breathing
-some muscles for breathing attach to bones via tendons
focus on homeostasis digetsive system
-teeth masticate (chew) food
- rib cage protects esophagus, stomach, liver
- pelvis protects portions of the intestines
focus on homeostasis urinary system
ribs partially protect kidneys
- pelvis protects urinary bladder and urethra
focus on homeostasisof reproductive systems
-pelvis protects ovaries, uterine (fallopian tubes), uterus
- pelvis protects part of ductus (vas) deferens and accessory glands in males
- bones are an important source of calcium needed for milk synthesis during lactation
focus on homeostasis all body systems
-bone provide support and protection for internal organs
- bones store and release calcium…proper functioning of most body tissues
osteoporosis-whatis it, what outpaces what, who, what gender
porous bones
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
-middle aged people and elderly
80% woman
risk factors for osteoporosis
family history, european/asian ancestry, thin or small body build, inactive lifestyle, smoking, low calcium and vitamin d intake, 2 alcoholic drinks a day, some meds
how is osteoporosis diagnosed
bone mineral density test (BMD)
- measure bone density
medications for osteoporosis
antiresorptive drugs: slows progression of bone loss
bone building drugs: increase bone mass
rickets
disease in children where growing bones become soft/rubbery and easily deformed. inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix. vitamin d deficiency
osteomalacia-who,impact on bone
in adults
new bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify
inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix. vitamin d deficiency
deviated nasal septum
doesn’t run along midline of the nasal cavity, deviates to one side
herniated disc
ligaments of intervertebral discs become injuries or weakened, can rupture surrounding fibrocartilage
(slipped) disc
generally in lumbar region of vertebral column bc bears much of body weight
spina bifida and what can it cause
congenital defect of the vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at midline
cause: protrusion of meninges around spinal cord, spinal cord may produce partial or complete paralysis, loss of control over bladder, absence of reflexes
hip fracture-what is it, risk factors of, what does it need
any break in the head, neck or trochanteric regions of the femur or bones that form acetabulum…tendency to fall and osteoporosis are risk factors for elderly.
need surgical treatment-sometimes needs prostheses
total hip arthroplasty
replaced of both femoral head and acetabulum
hemiarthroplasty
replacing either the femoral head or acetabulum
