aging, homeostasis and common disorders ch 6

Question 1

2 main effects of aging on skeletal system

Answer 1

bones become more brittle and lose mass

Question 2

factors of higher incidence of osteoporosis in women

Answer 2

smaller bone mass, lower levels of sex hormones

Question 3

how does bone brittleness occur

Answer 3

decrease in the rate of protein synthesis and decrease in the production of human growth hormone, diminishes the production of collagen fibers that give bones its strentgh and flexibilty

Question 4

loss of bone mass results from and leads to

Answer 4

demineralization
bone deformity, pain, stiffness, some loss of height and loss of teeth

Question 5

once bone loss begins in females

Answer 5

8% of bone mass is lost every 10 years

Question 6

focus on homeostasis for integumentary system

Answer 6

bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin

Question 7

focus on homeostasis for muscular system

Answer 7

-provide attachment points for muscles and leverage for muscles to bring abut body movements
- muscles need calcium ions to contract

Question 8

focus on homeostasis nervous sytem

Answer 8

-skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord
- normal blood level of calcium is needed for normal functioning of neurons and neuroglia

Question 9

focus on homeostasis endocrine system

Answer 9

bones store and release calcium, needed during exocytosis of hormone filled vesicles for normal actions of many hormones

Question 10

focus on homeostasis cardiovascular system

Answer 10

-red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
- rhythmic beating of the heart requires calcium ions

Question 11

focus on homeostasis lymphatic system and immunity

Answer 11

red bone marrow produces lymphocytes white blood cells that are involved in immune responses

Question 12

focus on homeostasis respiratory system

Answer 12

-axial skeleton of thorax protects lungs
- rib movements assist in breathing
-some muscles for breathing attach to bones via tendons

Question 13

focus on homeostasis digetsive system

Answer 13

-teeth masticate (chew) food
- rib cage protects esophagus, stomach, liver
- pelvis protects portions of the intestines

Question 14

focus on homeostasis urinary system

Answer 14

ribs partially protect kidneys
- pelvis protects urinary bladder and urethra

Question 15

focus on homeostasisof reproductive systems

Answer 15

-pelvis protects ovaries, uterine (fallopian tubes), uterus
- pelvis protects part of ductus (vas) deferens and accessory glands in males
- bones are an important source of calcium needed for milk synthesis during lactation

Question 16

focus on homeostasis all body systems

Answer 16

-bone provide support and protection for internal organs
- bones store and release calcium…proper functioning of most body tissues

Question 17

osteoporosis-whatis it, what outpaces what, who, what gender

Answer 17

porous bones
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
-middle aged people and elderly
80% woman

Question 18

risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 18

family history, european/asian ancestry, thin or small body build, inactive lifestyle, smoking, low calcium and vitamin d intake, 2 alcoholic drinks a day, some meds

Question 19

how is osteoporosis diagnosed

Answer 19

bone mineral density test (BMD)
- measure bone density

Question 20

medications for osteoporosis

Answer 20

antiresorptive drugs: slows progression of bone loss
bone building drugs: increase bone mass

Question 21

rickets

Answer 21

disease in children where growing bones become soft/rubbery and easily deformed. inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix. vitamin d deficiency

Question 22

osteomalacia-who,impact on bone

Answer 22

in adults
new bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify
inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix. vitamin d deficiency

Question 23

deviated nasal septum

Answer 23

doesn’t run along midline of the nasal cavity, deviates to one side

Question 24

herniated disc

Answer 24

ligaments of intervertebral discs become injuries or weakened, can rupture surrounding fibrocartilage
(slipped) disc
generally in lumbar region of vertebral column bc bears much of body weight

Question 25

spina bifida and what can it cause

Answer 25

congenital defect of the vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at midline
cause: protrusion of meninges around spinal cord, spinal cord may produce partial or complete paralysis, loss of control over bladder, absence of reflexes

Question 26

hip fracture-what is it, risk factors of, what does it need

Answer 26

any break in the head, neck or trochanteric regions of the femur or bones that form acetabulum…tendency to fall and osteoporosis are risk factors for elderly.
need surgical treatment-sometimes needs prostheses

Question 27

total hip arthroplasty

Answer 27

replaced of both femoral head and acetabulum

Question 28

hemiarthroplasty

Answer 28

replacing either the femoral head or acetabulum