aging and homeostasis, common disorders ch 5 Flashcards
when and where do skin related changes begin
at age 40, in the proteins of the dermis
what happens to the collagen fibers in the dermis
decrease in number, stiffen, break apart, become a shapeless matted tangle
what happens to the elastic fibers and what accelerates it
lose elasticity, thicken into clumps and fray
smoking accelerates this in the skin of smokers
wrinkles form because a decrease in
fibroblasts
what decreases the skin’s immune responsiveness
the decrease in intraepidermal macrophages
what does a decrease in sebaceous glands cause
dry broken skin more susceptible to infection
what increased the incidence of heat stroke in the elderly
less production of sweat
as the aged skin is thinner especially in the dermiswhat happens to the migration of cells to where
basal layer to the epidermal surface slows
what results in grey hair and atypical skin pigmentation
decrease of functioning melanocytes
rosacea-effectswho, years, symptoms
skin condition affects light-skinned adults
30-60y/o
redness, tiny pimples, noticeable blood vessels
what slows in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life
growth of hair and nails
why do nails get brittle with age
dehydration or repeated use of cuticle remover or nail polish
anti aging treatments-topical products
hydroquinone (blemishes and blotches) and retinoic acid (decrease fine wrinkles and roughness)
anti aging treatments-microdermabrasion
use of tiny crystals under pressure to remove and vacuum the skin’s surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes
anti aging treatments- chemical peel
application of mild acid (glycolic acid) to the skin to remove surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes
anti aging treatments-laser resurfacing
use of laser to clear up blood vessels near the skin surface, even out blotches and blemishes and decrease fine wrinkles. ex. IPL photofacial
anti aging treatments- dermal fillers
injections of human collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxl-apatite, or poly-l-lactic acid that plumps the skin to smooth out wrinkles and fill in furrows, ex at nose, mouth and eyebrows
anti aging treatments- fat transplantation
fat from one part of the body is injected into another location ex around the eyes
anti aging treatments- botulinum toxin or botox
diluted version of a toxin that is injected into the skin to paralyze skeletal muscles that cause the skin to wrinkle
anti aging treatments- radio frequency nonsurgical facelift
use of radio frequency emissions to tighten the deeper layers of the skin of the jowls, neck, sagging eyebrows and eyelids
anti aging treatments- facelift, brow lift or neck lift
invasive surgery in which loose skin and fat are removed surgically and the underlying connective tissue and muscle are tightened
homeostasis impact on skeletal system
-activates vitamin D
- proper absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus to build and maintain bones
homeostasis impact on muscular system
provide calcium ions that are needed for muscle contraction
homeostasis impact on nervous system
nerve endings in skin and subcutaneous tissue provide input to brain for touch, pressure, thermal and pain sensations
homeostasis impact on endocrine system
keratinocytes in skin help activate vitamin D to calcitriol, a hormone that aids absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus
homeostasis impact on the cardiovascular system
local chemical changes in dermis cause widening and narrowing of skin blood vessels, which helps adjust blood flow to skin
homeostasis impact on lymphatic system and immunity
-first line of defense in immunity…mechanical barrier and chemical secretions that discourage penetration and growth of microbes
- intraepidermal macrophages in epidermis participate in immune responses by recognizing and processing foreign antigens
- macrophages in dermis phagocytize microbes that penetrate skin surface
homeostasis impact on respiratory system
hairs in nose filter dust particles from inhaled air
- stimulation of pain nerve endings in skin may alter breathing rate
homeostasis impact on digestive system
skin helps activate vitamin d to the hormone calcitriol, which promotes absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus in small intestine
homeostasis impact on urinary system
-kidney cells receive partially activated vitamin d hormone from skin and convert it to calcitriol
- some waste products are excreted from body in sweat, contributing to excretion by urinary system
homeostasis impact on reproductive systems
-nerve endings in skin and subcutaneous tissue, respond to erotic stimuli…sexual pleasure
- suckling of a baby stimulates nerve endings in skin leading to milk ejection
-mammary glands-modified sweat glands- produce milk
- skin stretches during prego as fetus enlarges
homeostasis impact on all body systems
-skin and hair provide barriers that protect all internal organs from damaging agents in external environment
- sweat glands and skin blood vessels regulate body temp, needed for proper functioning of other body systems
skin cancer
exposure to sun, UV damage
basal cell carcinoma
78% of all cancers
stratum basale of the epidermis
nonmelanoma skin cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
20% of skin cancers
metastasize
stratum spinosum
nonmelanoma skin cancer
malignant melanoma-from what, %?, threatening for, warning signs
from melanocytes, 2% of skin cancers
life threatening for young women..tanning beds
warning signs: ABCDE (asymmetrical, border, colour, diameter, evolving)
risk factors for skin cancer
skin type
sun exposure
family history
age
immunological status
impact of UVA rays
depress the immune system
impact of long term overexposure to sunlight
dilated blood vessel, age spots, freckles, changes in skin texture
impact of UVB rays
do not penetrate as deep as UVA, sunburn and are responsible for most of the tissue damage…causes wrinkling and aging of skin
photosensitivity
heightened reaction of the skin after consumption of certain meds or substances
what do sunscreens do
absorb uvb rays not uva
what does sunblock do
refelct and scatter uva and uvb
burns
tissue damage cuased by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin cells
1st degree burn
epidermis, mild pain and redness (erythema)
partial thickness burn
2nd degree burn
epidermis and dermis
blisters
partial thickness burn
3rd degree burn
full thickness
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
most skin functions are lost
local effect of burn
injury to skin tissues directly in contact with damaging agent
systemic effects of a burn-threat and why
greater threat to life
1. loss of water, plasma, plasma protein-leads to shock
2. bacterial infection
3. reduced circulation of blood
4. decreased urine production
5. diminished immune responses
major burn
10% of body is 3rd degree burns
25% of body is 2nd degreee
any 3rd degree to face, hand, feet or perineum
*rule of nines
pressure ulcers
decubitus ulcers…bed sores, constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues
-bedridden patients
