ch 29 development pt 1

Question 1

development

Answer 1

gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics from fertilization to maturity

Question 2

prenatal development

Answer 2

embryonic and fetal development stages

Question 3

postnatal development

Answer 3

from birth to maturity

Question 4

maturity

Answer 4

state of full development or completed growth

Question 5

pre-embryonic development

Answer 5

processes that occur in the first 2 weeks after fertilization

Question 6

embryology

Answer 6

study of the development of the embryo

Question 7

fetal development

Answer 7

processes that occur in the development of a fetus, between the 9th week and birth

Question 8

cellular differentiation

Answer 8

process of cell specialization which created different types of cells

Question 9

inheritance/heredity

Answer 9

transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation

Question 10

genetics

Answer 10

study of the mechanisms responsible for inheritance

Question 11

fertilization

Answer 11

fusion of sperm to ovum, each containing 23 chromosomes
- produces zygote w/ 46 chromosomes

Question 12

what stage is the ovum in when fertilization occurs

Answer 12

secondary oocyte

Question 13

what surrounds the outside of the oocyte

Answer 13

corona radiata - protective layer of follicle cells

zona pellucida - outer layer of ovum, beneath corona radiata

Question 14

what phase is secondary oocyte suspended in before fertilization

Answer 14

metaphase 2 of meisosis

Question 15

steps of fertilization (5)

Answer 15

1. oocyte at ovulation
2. fertilization and oocyte activation (acrosomal enzymes create gaps in corona radiate)
3. pronuclei develop and DNA synthesis occurs (sperm absorbed in cytoplasm, female pronucleus develops)
4. spindle formation begins
5. amphimixis occurs and cleavage begins (maternal and paternal chromosomes align on metaphase plate)
6. 1st cleavage forms 2 blastomeres

Question 16

gestation

Answer 16

time spent in prenatal development

Question 17

1st trimester characteristics

Answer 17

pre-embryonic to month 3

has 4 processes: cleavage/fertilization, implantation, placentation, embryogenesis

Question 18

amphimixis

Answer 18

fusion of female pronucleus and male pronucleus. combining to make 46 chromosomes

Question 19

cleavage

Answer 19

sequence of cell divisions that begins immediately after fertilization
- results in 2 cells each called a blastomere

Question 20

morula

Answer 20

blastomeres organized into a solid ball of nearly identical cells on the 3rd day

Question 21

blastocyst

Answer 21

on day 6, the morula enters the uterus and becomes a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells with an internal cavity called the blastocoele

Question 22

implantation

Answer 22

blastocyst attaches to the endometrium of uterus
- begins on day 7 or 8

Question 23

what cells make up the outside of a blastocyst

Answer 23

trophoblasts

Question 24

cytotrophoblast

Answer 24

cells closest to the inner cell mass

Question 25

syncytiotrophoblast

Answer 25

outer layer which erodes a path through the uterine epithelium by secreting hyaluronidase

Question 26

placentation

Answer 26

the placenta develops to permit the exchange between maternal and embryonic blood

Question 27

embryonic period

Answer 27

from implantation to week 9

Question 28

2nd trimester characteristics

Answer 28

articulations begin to form

fetus doubles in size

Question 29

3rd trimester characteristics

Answer 29

functional organ systems

fetus responds to sensory stimuli

Question 30

gastrulation

Answer 30

cell migration in the early embryo that results in the formation of an embryonic disc

Question 31

3 germ layers of gastrulation

Answer 31

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 32

ectoderm contributions (ISNERD)

Answer 32

Integumentary: epidermis, hair, nails

Skeletal: pharyngeal cartilages, styloid processes

Nervous: all neural tissue including brain and spinal cord

Endocrine: pituitary gland and adrenal medulla

Respiratory: mucous epithelium of nasal passageway

Digestive: mucous epithelium of mouth and anus; salivary glands

Question 33

mesoderm contributions (ISME)

Answer 33

I: dermis and hypodermis

Skeletal: all skeletal structures

Muscular: all structures of muscular, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Endocrine; adrenal cortex and endocrine tissues of heart, kidnets

Question 34

mesoderm contributions (CLURM)

Answer 34

Cardiovascular: all structures

Lymphatic: all structures

Urinary: kidneys

Reproductive: gonads

Miscallaneous: pleura linings

Question 35

ENDOderm contributions (ERDUR)

Answer 35

Endocrine: thymus, thyroid gland + pancreas

Respiratory: respiratory epithelium except nasal passageways

Digestive: mucous epithelium, exocrine glands (except salivary), liver

Urinary: urinary bladder

Reproductive: stem cells that produce gametes + distal portions of duct system

Question 36

the 4 extra embryonic membrane

Answer 36

yolk sac
amnion
allantois
chorion

Question 37

body stalk

Answer 37

connection between embryo and chorion

Question 38

yolk stalk

Answer 38

narrow connection between endoderm of embryo and yolk sac

Question 39

The trophoblast will eventually become part of the

Answer 39

placenta

Question 40

What stage of preembryonic development results in a solid ball of nearly identical cells?

Answer 40

morula

Question 41

Cells of the epiblast move toward the medial plane of the blastodisc to a region known as the

Answer 41

primitive streak

Question 42

The placenta is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

Answer 42

chorion