ch 29 development pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

development

A

gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics from fertilization to maturity

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2
Q

prenatal development

A

embryonic and fetal development stages

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3
Q

postnatal development

A

from birth to maturity

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4
Q

maturity

A

state of full development or completed growth

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5
Q

pre-embryonic development

A

processes that occur in the first 2 weeks after fertilization

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6
Q

embryology

A

study of the development of the embryo

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7
Q

fetal development

A

processes that occur in the development of a fetus, between the 9th week and birth

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8
Q

cellular differentiation

A

process of cell specialization which created different types of cells

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9
Q

inheritance/heredity

A

transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation

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10
Q

genetics

A

study of the mechanisms responsible for inheritance

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11
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of sperm to ovum, each containing 23 chromosomes
- produces zygote w/ 46 chromosomes

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12
Q

what stage is the ovum in when fertilization occurs

A

secondary oocyte

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13
Q

what surrounds the outside of the oocyte

A

corona radiata - protective layer of follicle cells

zona pellucida - outer layer of ovum, beneath corona radiata

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14
Q

what phase is secondary oocyte suspended in before fertilization

A

metaphase 2 of meisosis

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15
Q

steps of fertilization (5)

A
  1. oocyte at ovulation
  2. fertilization and oocyte activation (acrosomal enzymes create gaps in corona radiate)
  3. pronuclei develop and DNA synthesis occurs (sperm absorbed in cytoplasm, female pronucleus develops)
  4. spindle formation begins
  5. amphimixis occurs and cleavage begins (maternal and paternal chromosomes align on metaphase plate)
  6. 1st cleavage forms 2 blastomeres
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16
Q

gestation

A

time spent in prenatal development

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17
Q

1st trimester characteristics

A

pre-embryonic to month 3

has 4 processes: cleavage/fertilization, implantation, placentation, embryogenesis

18
Q

amphimixis

A

fusion of female pronucleus and male pronucleus. combining to make 46 chromosomes

19
Q

cleavage

A

sequence of cell divisions that begins immediately after fertilization
- results in 2 cells each called a blastomere

20
Q

morula

A

blastomeres organized into a solid ball of nearly identical cells on the 3rd day

21
Q

blastocyst

A

on day 6, the morula enters the uterus and becomes a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells with an internal cavity called the blastocoele

22
Q

implantation

A

blastocyst attaches to the endometrium of uterus
- begins on day 7 or 8

23
Q

what cells make up the outside of a blastocyst

A

trophoblasts

24
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

cells closest to the inner cell mass

25
syncytiotrophoblast
outer layer which erodes a path through the uterine epithelium by secreting hyaluronidase
26
placentation
the placenta develops to permit the exchange between maternal and embryonic blood
27
embryonic period
from implantation to week 9
28
2nd trimester characteristics
articulations begin to form fetus doubles in size
29
3rd trimester characteristics
functional organ systems fetus responds to sensory stimuli
30
gastrulation
cell migration in the early embryo that results in the formation of an embryonic disc
31
3 germ layers of gastrulation
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
32
ectoderm contributions (ISNERD)
Integumentary: epidermis, hair, nails Skeletal: pharyngeal cartilages, styloid processes Nervous: all neural tissue including brain and spinal cord Endocrine: pituitary gland and adrenal medulla Respiratory: mucous epithelium of nasal passageway Digestive: mucous epithelium of mouth and anus; salivary glands
33
mesoderm contributions (ISME)
I: dermis and hypodermis Skeletal: all skeletal structures Muscular: all structures of muscular, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Endocrine; adrenal cortex and endocrine tissues of heart, kidnets
34
mesoderm contributions (CLURM)
Cardiovascular: all structures Lymphatic: all structures Urinary: kidneys Reproductive: gonads Miscallaneous: pleura linings
35
ENDOderm contributions (ERDUR)
Endocrine: thymus, thyroid gland + pancreas Respiratory: respiratory epithelium except nasal passageways Digestive: mucous epithelium, exocrine glands (except salivary), liver Urinary: urinary bladder Reproductive: stem cells that produce gametes + distal portions of duct system
36
the 4 extra embryonic membrane
yolk sac amnion allantois chorion
37
body stalk
connection between embryo and chorion
38
yolk stalk
narrow connection between endoderm of embryo and yolk sac
39
The trophoblast will eventually become part of the
placenta
40
What stage of preembryonic development results in a solid ball of nearly identical cells?
morula
41
Cells of the epiblast move toward the medial plane of the blastodisc to a region known as the
primitive streak
42
The placenta is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
chorion