ch 23 pt 2 Flashcards
bronchitis
Inflammation and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles
bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchial tree
terminal branches
smallest conducting branches
bronchodilation
enlarges the luminal diameter of airway
bronchoconstriction
reduces luminal diameter of airway
asthma
severe bronchoconstriction duento excessive stimulation of airway smooth muscles
respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
common chambers connected to many individual alveoli
pneumocytes
cells lining the alveoli in the lungs
type 1: facilitate gas exchange
type 2: produce surfactant - oily secretion that coats alveolar surface
gas exchange happens across the
blood-air barrier
3 layers of blood air barrier
- alveolar cell layer
- capillary endothelial layer
- fused basement membrane
lobes of the right and left lung
right: superior, middle and inferior
- right lung is wider
left: superior and inferior
- left lung is longer
hilum
groove that allows passage of the main bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
pulmonary lobules
small segments of lung tissue
pulmonary embolism
a condition where a mobing clot blocks a branch of the pulmonary artery and stops blood flow
pleura
serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall
parietal vs visceral pleura
parietal: outer layer
visceral: inner layer that covers outer surface of lungs
thoracentesis
removal of pleural fluid for examination
pleurisy
pain and inflammation due to reduced lubrication
external vs internal respiration
External: is the exchange of gases with the external environment, and occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Internal: is the exchange of gases with the internal environment, and occurs in the tissues.
anoxia
complete lack of oxygen in tissues
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
physical movement if air in and out of respiratory tract
boyle’s law
a gas’s pressure and volume are inversely proportional
- When the temperature is kept constant, as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa
at rest Pressure outside =
Pressure inside
pressure during inhalation vs exhalation
Inhalation: P outside > P inside
Exhalation: P outside < P inside
muscles used in inhalation
- inhalation is always active
diaphragm
EXTERNAL intercostal muscles
accesssory muscles
muscles used in exhalation
-exhalation is passive
diaphragm
INTERNAL intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
eupnea
quiet breathing
hypernea
forced breathing
normal atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure inside the alveoli
compliance
a measure of expandability of the lungs
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
tidal volume
the amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during a normal breath
amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle
respiratory minute volume
amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute
alveolar ventilation
amount of air that reaches the alveoli in a minute
inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled above a tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
additonal amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal resting exhalation
residual volume
amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person has exhaled as much as possible
minimal volume
the amount of air that would remain in the lungs if they collapse
inspiratory capacity
the amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs
Functional residual capacity
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle
vital capacity
the maximum amount of air that can be moved in to or out of the lungs during a single breath
total lung capacity
total volume of the lungs
Dalton’s law
in a gas mixture, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas,
partial pressure
pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
henry’s law
at a given temperature, the amount of gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
bohr effect
effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation
pharynx function
a passageway for air to enter the larynx and lungs and food and liquid to enter the esophagus
trachea function
serve as a passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs, also helping to warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the lungs
gas law that describes the pressure change that occur during pulmonary ventilation
boyles law
what structure is anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi
trachea
exhalation begins when
inspiration muscles relax
residual + expiratory reserve volume =
functional residual capacity
how to calculate respiratory minute volume (mL/min)
multiply the tidal volume by the respiratory rate
