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Health Assessment (NRSE-210) > Ch. 20 (The Heart & Neck Vessels) > Flashcards

Ch. 20 (The Heart & Neck Vessels) Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the heart anatomy would be called the base?

A

the top

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2
Q

What part of the heart anatomy would be called the apex?

A

the bottom

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3
Q

There are three layers to the heart.

What layer is a tough sac that surrounds and protects the heart?

A

pericardium

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4
Q

There are three layers to the heart.

What layer is a muscular wall that does the pumping in the heart?

A

myocardium

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5
Q

There are three layers to the heart.

What layer is a thin wall that lines the inner surface?

A

endocardium

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6
Q

What happens during diastolic (bottom number-BP)?

A

blood floods into the heart

aortic & pulmon. valves are closing, S2 - best heard at erb’s/pulmonic

louder at base (DUB)

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7
Q

What happens during systole (top number-BP)?

A

pushes blood out to the system

mitral & tricuspid valve are closing, S1 - best heard at mitral & tricus

louder at apex (LUB)

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8
Q

What is happening during s1 (lub)?

A

mitral and tricuspid valve closing

systole -best heard at the tricuspid & mitral listening points

louder at apex (LUB)

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9
Q

What is happening during s2 (dub)?

A

aortic and pulmonic valve closing

diastole - best heard at erbs point/pulmonic area

louder at base (DUB)

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10
Q

We live most of our lives in what heart cycle?

A

diastole (2/3)

systole - 1/3

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11
Q

Where do we hear S1 loudest?

A

apex

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12
Q

Where do we hear S2 loudest?

A

base

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13
Q

What are some conditions that would cause heart murmurs?

A
  • thickness (viscosity) of blood increases
  • viscosity decreases
  • valve problems (most common)

pregnancy can cause temporary murmurs

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14
Q

What does a heart murmur sound like?

A

a gentle “wooshing” sound

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15
Q

What portion of the heart contains specialized cells near the superior vena cava that initiates electrical pulse?

A

SA Node

natural pacemakers

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16
Q

What portion of the heart is located low in septum of right atrium, making it contract?

A

AV node

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17
Q

During heart conduction, the impulse travels into branches in the left atrium called what?

A

bundle of his

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18
Q

What is the equation used to calculate cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x R
stroke volume x rate = cardiac output

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19
Q

What are the main two neck vessels?

A
  • carotid artery (in groove between trachea and sternomastoid process)
  • jugular veins
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20
Q

What main neck vessel carries O2 blood to the head?

A

carotid artery

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21
Q

What main neck vessel empties deoxygenated blood into the superior vena cava?

A

jugular vein

22
Q

What can chest pain be described as in subjective data?

A
  • squeezing
  • crushing
23
Q

People who have heart problems usually experience dyspnea with what?

A

supine position (laying down)

24
Q

People who have heart problems usually ease their orthopnea with what?

A

tons of pillows to prop themselves up

25
Q

Women compared to men tend to experience what sort of symptoms when experiencing a heart attack?

A
  • stomach pain (GI issue)
  • extreme fatigue

men is usually the classic symptoms

26
Q

What type of symptoms could you have with heart problems?

A
  • chest pain
  • dyspnea (laying down pain when breathing)
  • orthopnea (ease in pain when sitting up)
  • coughing
  • fatigue
  • cyanosis or pallor
  • edema/swelling
  • nocturia (getting up to pee alot at night due to extra pressure on kidneys when laying down)
  • diabetes
  • hypertension

dental problems are correlated with heart problems due to bacteria

27
Q

How do you inspect the jugular venous pulse?

A

pt lies supine 30-45 degree angle, no pillow, turn head slightly away, use good light

28
Q

when palpating the chest, what part of the hand are you using and why?

A
  • ulnar surface of hand
  • checking vibrations
29
Q

When palpating across the precordium using the ulnar surface of your hand, the vibration feels similar to a cat purring. What kind of vibration would that be called and would that cause any concern?

A
  • thrill (vibration)
  • usually present in patients with really bad heart problems
30
Q

When auscultating the chest, what acronym do we use to remember the order we go in?

A
  • Aortic
  • Pulmonic
  • Erbs point
  • tricuspid
  • o
  • Mitral
  • n

ape to men

31
Q

Every what heart beat, will you hear the pulmonic area inspirate?

A

4th beat

32
Q

When listening for murmurs, timing is important. When the brewer sound/murmur is heard during the systole cycle, what would it be called?

A

systolic murmur

usually not that serious

33
Q

When listening for murmurs, timing is important. When the brewer sound/murmur is heard during the diastole cycle, what would it be called?

A

diastolic murmur

usually serious

34
Q

When listening for murmurs, position can help detect it. What positions can the pt follow to help you detect your confirmation of heart mumurs?

A
  • roll pt on left side, listen w/bell on apex
  • sit up and lean forward, listen w/diaphragm on base
35
Q

What type of abnormal finding is classified as chest pain?

A

angina

stable is predictable, variant is anything goes

36
Q

What type of abnormal finding is classified as sudden decrease in blood flow to the heart?

A

acute coronary syndrome (classic heart attack)

usually from a clot

37
Q

What type of abnormal finding is classified as clot that lodges in the lungs, described as sharp and stabbing that is worse with a deep breath?

A

pulmonary embolism

38
Q

Heart failure can either be classified as…?

A
  • acute (sudden)
  • chronic (slow)
39
Q

What type of abnormal finding occurs with abdominal swelling, dilated jugular veins (jvd), swollen feet, nocturia?

A

right sided heart failure

usually left side eventually joins in (congestive heart failure)

40
Q

What type of abnormal finding occurs with coughing, shortness of breath (SOB), crackles upon ascultation, orthopnea (needing a pillow to breathe), lower O2?

A

left sided heart failure

usually right side eventually joins in (congestive heart failure)

41
Q

What kind of heart problem causes atrial spasming (irregular beating), electrical conduction issue, and blood pools causing clots which increases risk of MI and strokes?

A

atrial fibrillation (AFIB)

blood thinners are usually prescribed

42
Q

Describe the steps of heart conduction.

A
  1. S.A. Node activates flowing across the atria to the AV node - making AV contract
  2. impulse travels into right and left bundle branches (Bundle of His) and then into the ventricles - causing rest of heart to contract
43
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality is caused by a blood clot in the lower extremities which is shown through redness, swlling, discomfort and asymmetry in the legs?

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

44
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality is caused by the valves in veins not closing all the way, resulting in enlarged veins, and painful heavy-feeling legs?

A

varicose veins

45
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality describes pain and discomfort felt in the legs when walking and exercising?

A

claudication

major symptom of peripheral artery disease

46
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality causes pooling of blood in the lower extremities resulting in incompetent valves, enlarged veins, edema, brown patches, soggy skin and a normal pulse?

A

venous insufficency

47
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality is caused by plaque build up in the arties resulting in cold temperature in the lower extremities, very pale skin, pain in the calf when wlaking, shiny skin, no hair, and a light pulse?

A

arterial insufficency

48
Q

What peripheral vascular abnormality is caused by narrowed arteries resulting in reduce blood flow, leg pain when walking and increases risk of heart attack and stroke?

A

peripheral artery disease

49
Q

What vascular abnormality causes buildup of plaque on artery walls, making the arteries become rigid and harden?

A

atherosclerosis

eventually leads to stenosis

50
Q

What can atherosclerosis eventually evolve into?

A

stenosis

51
Q

What vascular abnormality is caused by narrowing of an artery?

A

stenosis

generally developed after atherosclerosis

Health Assessment (NRSE-210) (22 decks)

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