Ch. 10.1 Nationalism in the Middle East

Question 1

genocide

Answer 1

deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

Question 2

ethnic cleansing

Answer 2

similar to genocide (ex. Bosnian War); broader def: removal of specific group of people from one’s midst (term includes genocide)

Question 3

Abdulhamid II

Answer 3

1876: Ottoman reformers took control of gov’t and created a new constitution (to form legislative assembly); they chose Abdulhamid II as their new sultan; he got rid of the constitution and ruled authoritatively; lived in fear of assassination; Young Turks (group) restored constitution (1908) and rid Abdulhamid II (1909)

Question 4

T.E. Lawrence

Answer 4

“Lawrence of Arabia”; British adventurer; aided Arab nationalists

Question 5

Ataturk/Colonel Mustafa Kemal

Answer 5

leader of Turkey; war hero; drove out Greeks from Anatolian Peninsula; “father Turk”; modernized Turkey

Question 6

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Answer 6

1921: Reza Khan (army officer) led mutiny to seize Tehran, capital; 1925: called himself shah (king); new Pahlavi dynasty; attempt reforms (like Ataturk) to modernize gov’t, military, and economy; foreign powers intervened a lot; did not destroy Islam power; friends with Nazi Germany to get away from G.B. and USSR; resigned in protest to those countries^ and gave power to son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Iran)

Question 7

Ibn Saud

Answer 7

early 1920s reform leader; he united Arabs in northern Arabian Peninsula; well supported; established Saudi Arabia;

Question 8

Iran

Answer 8

1935: Persia became modern state of Iran

Question 9

Saudi Arabia

Answer 9

named after Ibn Saud; he established this kingdom in 1932; mostly central Arabia’s desert; 1930s: U.S. explored for oi; 1938: Standard Oil found some; Aramco (Arabian-American oik company) was formed—>wealthy

Question 10

Palestine

Answer 10

conflict between Jews and Arabs; both groups claimed that their ancestors lived there; at that time majority living was Arabs, Jews began to immigrate in

Question 11

Balfour Declaration

Answer 11

(WWI) British gov’t hoped to get Jewish support for Allies; this declaration expressed support for national home for Jews in Palestine; it did add that non-Jewish people’s rights should be valued; made more Jews go to Palestine

Question 12

Ottoman Empire

Answer 12

since 1800 began weakening; “sick man of Europe”; ethnic groups began to gain autonomy and own states; size decreased; discontent with sultan; made peace with Allies (OCt. 1918); collapsed at end of WWI

Question 13

Armenian genocide

Answer 13

Ottoman Turks discriminated Armenians (minority group); this upset Allies in the war; 1915: Turks accused Armenians of supporting Russians—>excuse to kill/exile them; deportations from 1915-8; about 1.5 million died; this is genocide

Question 14

Ataturk’s reforms

Answer 14

modernized—>democratic system (but cut back critics), some Arabic elements eliminated, education, customs, factories (five-year plans for economy), attempt to break Islam power and customs (abolished caliphate 1924)

Question 15

Zionist movement

Answer 15

since 1980s: wanted to establish Palestine as Jewish (home) state, like it was in ancient times