Ch. 10 Nervous Flashcards
Functions: relay station “triage center” for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
thalamus
Functions: body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Functions: coordination of voluntary movements and balance
cerebellum
Functions: connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
pons
Functions: nerve fibres cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
medulla oblongota
Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
acetylcholine
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)
afferent nerve
Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane
Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
autonomic nervous system
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata
brainstem
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
cell body
The brain and the spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
cerebellum
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
cerebral cortex
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory
cerebrum
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
cranial nerves
Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
dendrite
Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; moter nerve
efferent nerve
Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form CSF
ependymal cell
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
ganglion
Supportive and connective nerve cell that doesn’t carry nervous impulses. Ex: astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
T or F. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons
glial cell
Sheet of nerve cells producing a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
gyrus
Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature and secretions from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Part of the brain just above the spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
medulla oblongata
3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
microglial cell
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
motor nerve
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction along axons
myelin sheath
Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
nerve
Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system
neuron
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve, muscle or gland cell
neurotransmitter
Examples: acetycholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
neurotransmitter
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
oligodendroglical cell; oligodendrocyte
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract
parasympathetic nerves
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system.
parenchyma
The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the ___ and ___ that carry nervous impulses
neurons and nerves
Parenchymal cells of the liver
hepatocytes
Parenchymal tissue of the kidney
nephrons
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
peripheral nervous system
Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
pia mater
Large, interlacing network of nerves. ex: lumbosacral, cervical and brachial
plexus plural:plexuses
Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain; bridge connecting various parts of the brain
pons
Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it onto afferent nerves. ex: skin, ears, eyes and taste buds
receptor
Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
sciatic nerve
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve
sensory nerve
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
stimulus
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ (glial cells in the brain)
stroma
Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
sulcus plural:sulci
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
sympathetic nerves
Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through this to appropriate centers in the cerebrum
thalamus
Tenth cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
vagus nerve
Unlike the other cranial nerves, the vagus leaves the head and wanders into the ___ and ___ cavities
abdominal and thoracic
Canals in the brain that contain CSF. Also found in the heart
ventricles of the brain
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glial cells
lept/o
thin, slender
mening/o, meningi/o
membranes, meninges
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
neur/o
nerve
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
vag/o
vagus nerve
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
myelo vs myo
myelo = spinal cord or bone marrow my/o = muslce
pyelo vs pyo
pyelo = renal pelvis of kidney pyo = pus
Diseases of peripheral nerves
neuropathies
-algia
pain
caus/o
burning
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
estehsi/o, -esthesia
feeling, sensation
kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
movement
-lepsy
seizure
lex/o
word, phrase
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
-praxia
action
-sthenia
strenght
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
tax/o
order, coordination
Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis
thymectomy
X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material
cerebral angiography
Radioactive glucose injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid/intracranial arteries
Doppler ultrasound studies
Recording of the electrical activity of the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
CSF withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
lumbar puncture (LP)
Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
stereotactic radiosurgery
computerized xray technique generating multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
computed tomography (CT) of the brain
magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
doppler ultrasound studies
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
recording of electrical activity of brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
CSF withdrawn rom between 2 lumbar vertebrae for analysis
lumbar puncture (LP)
use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in brain
stereotactic radiosurgery
delivers uniform dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue
proton stereotactic radiosurgery (PSRS)
high energy radiation beam used to treat deep and often inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses
gamma knife
