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CCP Intro To Psychology > CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 8 > Flashcards

CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

A

Development

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2
Q

A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.

A

Cross-sectional designs

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2
Q

A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

A

Longitudinal study

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3
Q

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

A

Resilience

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3
Q

unfolding of biological processes

A

Physical Development

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4
Q

the process encompassing the period from the formation of an embryo, through the development of a fetus, to birth

A

Prenatal Development

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5
Q

third through the eighth week

A

Embryonic Period

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5
Q

the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period

A

Fetal periods

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6
Q

any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development

A

Teratogens

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6
Q

human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience

A

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

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7
Q

An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

A

Assimilation

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8
Q

An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.

A

Accommodation

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8
Q

how thought, intelligence, and language processes change as people mature

A

Cognitive Development

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9
Q

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about two years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

A

Sensorimotor stage

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9
Q

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about two to seven years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

A

Preoperational stage

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10
Q

Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

A

Object Permanence

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11
Q

a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects despite

A

Conservation

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12
Q

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

A

Concrete operational stage

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13
Q

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future.

A

Formal operational stage

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14
Q

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

A

Executive Function

15
Q

An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

A

Temperament

15
Q

involves changes in persons social relationships, emotional life, and personality

A

Socioemotional Development

15
Q

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.

A

Infant Attachment

16
Q

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

A

Secure Attachment

17
Q

eight psychosocial stages that characterize socioemotional development from infancy to late adulthood

A

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

17
Q

Infants learn to trust that their caregivers will meet their basic needs

A

Trust vs. mistrust

17
Q

child learns to be independent and make their own decisions in life

A

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

18
Q

if the child is put in an environment where initiation is repressed through criticism and control, he/she will develop a sense of guilt.

A

initiative vs. guilt

18
Q

individual becomes discouraged, feels inferior, or incompetent upon receiving an evaluation of one’s work

A

industry vs. inferiority

19
Q

involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society

A

role confusion

20
Q

centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling relationships.

A

intimacy vs. isolation

21
Q

people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent

A

ego integrity vs. despair

22
Q

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort.

A

Authoritarian

22
Q

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life.

A

Neglectful

23
Q

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

A

Authoritative

24
Q

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior.

A

Permissive

25
Q

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age.

A

Emerging adulthood

26
Q

The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither.

A

Gender

27
Q

A person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither.

A

Gender Identity

28
Q

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.

A

Sexual Orientation

29
Q

Roles that reflect the society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel.

A

Gender role

30
Q

Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.

A

Gender similarities hypothesis

31
Q

theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

32
Q

persons moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world

A

Preconventional morality

33
Q

the person abides by standards learned from parents or society’s laws

A

conventional morality

34
Q

person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and develops and increasingly personal moral code

A

post-conventional morality

35
Q

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people.

A

Prosocial behavior

36
Q

The first two weeks after conception

A

Germinal Period

CCP Intro To Psychology (26 decks)

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