CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 8

Question 1

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.

Answer 2

Cross-sectional designs

Question 2

A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

Answer 2

Longitudinal study

Question 3

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Answer 3

Resilience

Question 3

unfolding of biological processes

Answer 3

Physical Development

Question 4

the process encompassing the period from the formation of an embryo, through the development of a fetus, to birth

Answer 4

Prenatal Development

Question 5

third through the eighth week

Answer 5

Embryonic Period

Question 5

the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period

Answer 5

Fetal periods

Question 6

any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development

Answer 6

Teratogens

Question 6

human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience

Answer 6

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 7

An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Answer 7

Assimilation

Question 8

An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.

Answer 8

Accommodation

Question 8

how thought, intelligence, and language processes change as people mature

Answer 8

Cognitive Development

Question 9

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about two years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

Answer 9

Sensorimotor stage

Question 9

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about two to seven years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Answer 9

Preoperational stage

Question 10

Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Answer 10

Object Permanence

Question 11

a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects despite

Answer 11

Conservation

Question 12

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

Answer 12

Concrete operational stage

Question 13

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future.

Answer 13

Formal operational stage

Question 14

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

Answer 14

Executive Function

Question 15

An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Answer 15

Temperament

Question 15

involves changes in persons social relationships, emotional life, and personality

Answer 15

Socioemotional Development

Question 15

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.

Answer 15

Infant Attachment

Question 16

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Answer 16

Secure Attachment

Question 17

eight psychosocial stages that characterize socioemotional development from infancy to late adulthood

Answer 17

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Question 17

Infants learn to trust that their caregivers will meet their basic needs

Answer 17

Trust vs. mistrust

Question 17

child learns to be independent and make their own decisions in life

Answer 17

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 18

if the child is put in an environment where initiation is repressed through criticism and control, he/she will develop a sense of guilt.

Answer 18

initiative vs. guilt

Question 18

individual becomes discouraged, feels inferior, or incompetent upon receiving an evaluation of one's work

Answer 18

industry vs. inferiority

Question 19

involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society

Answer 19

role confusion

Question 20

centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling relationships.

Answer 20

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 21

people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent

Answer 21

ego integrity vs. despair

Question 22

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort.

Answer 22

Authoritarian

Question 22

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life.

Answer 22

Neglectful

Question 23

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Answer 23

Authoritative

Question 24

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior.

Answer 24

Permissive

Question 25

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age.

Answer 25

Emerging adulthood

Question 26

The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither.

Answer 26

Gender

Question 27

A person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither.

Answer 27

Gender Identity

Question 28

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.

Answer 28

Sexual Orientation

Question 29

Roles that reflect the society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel.

Answer 29

Gender role

Question 30

Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.

Answer 30

Gender similarities hypothesis

Question 31

theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning

Answer 31

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

Question 32

persons moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world

Answer 32

Preconventional morality

Question 33

the person abides by standards learned from parents or society's laws

Answer 33

conventional morality

Question 34

person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and develops and increasingly personal moral code

Answer 34

post-conventional morality

Question 35

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people.

Answer 35

Prosocial behavior

Question 36

The first two weeks after conception

Answer 36

Germinal Period