CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 5

Question 1

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events

Answer 2

Associative learning

Question 3

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior

Answer 3

Observational learning

Question 4

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Answer 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 6

unconditioned response

Question 7

something that at first elicits no reaction (the sound of a toilet flushing for example)

Answer 7

neutral stimulus

Question 8

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus

Question 9

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 9

conditioned response

Question 10

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Answer 10

Acquisition

Question 11

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

Answer 12

spontaneous recovery

Question 13

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Answer 13

Generalization

Question 14

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Answer 14

discrimination

Question 15

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Answer 15

Counterconditioning

Question 16

A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 16

Aversive conditioning

Question 17

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Answer 17

Habituation

Question 18

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.

Answer 18

Operant conditioning

Question 19

came up with the theory of the operant conditioning process

Answer 19

B.F. Skinner

Question 20

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Answer 20

Shaping

Question 21

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 21

positive reinforcement

Question 22

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 22

negative reinforcement

Question 23

Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

Answer 23

Learned helplessness

Question 24

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable.

Answer 24

Primary reinforcer

Question 25

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

Answer 25

positive punishment

Question 26

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 26

negative punishment

Question 27

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

Answer 27

Latent learning

Question 28

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.

Answer 28

Insight learning

Question 29

first woman of Mexican descent to successfully complete her PhD in clinical psychology

Answer 29

Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.

Question 30

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.

Answer 30

Secondary reinforcer