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CCP Intro To Psychology > CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 7 > Flashcards

CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

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3
Q

The process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.

A

Thinking

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4
Q

A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

A

Concepts

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5
Q

A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that item’s properties.

A

Prototype model

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6
Q

The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.

A

Problem solving

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7
Q

Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put one in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution.

A

Subgoals

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8
Q

Strategies—including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions—that guarantee a solution to a problem.

A

Algorithms

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9
Q

Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.

A

Heuristics

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10
Q

Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing’s usual functions.

A

Functional fixedness

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11
Q

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.

A

Reasoning

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12
Q

Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations.

A

Inductive reasoning

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13
Q

Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance.

A

Deductive reasoning

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14
Q

The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.

A

Decision Making

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15
Q

The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to attempting to acquire gains.

A

Loss aversion

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15
Q

The tendency to search for and use information that supports one’s ideas rather than refutes them.

A

Confirmation bias

16
Q

The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome.

A

Hindsight bias

17
Q

A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.

A

Availability heuristic

18
Q

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information.

A

Base rate neglect

18
Q

The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.

A

Representativeness heuristic

19
Q

The state of being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities.

A

Mindfulness

19
Q

Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem.

A

Divergent Thinking

20
Q

All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

A

Intelligence

21
Q

The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment

A

Validity

21
Q

The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

A

reliability

22
Q

An individual’s mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

A

Intelligence quotient

23
Q

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of test scores (or other data) falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores (or other data points) appearing toward the extremes.

A

Normal distribution

23
Q

Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.

A

Culture-fair tests

24
Q

Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area.

A

Gifted

25
Q

A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

A

Intellectual disability

26
Q

Sternberg’s theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

A

Triarchic theory of intelligence

27
Q

A form of communication—whether spoken, written, or signed—that is based on a system of symbols.

A

Language

28
Q

A language’s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

A

Syntax

29
Q

The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language.

A

Semantics

29
Q

all languages hold similar structures and rules, also known as a universal grammar

A

Chomsky’s theory of language development

30
Q

Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem.

A

Convergent Thinking

CCP Intro To Psychology (26 decks)

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