CCP Intro To Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards
The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
Cognition
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
The process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.
Thinking
A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Concepts
A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that item’s properties.
Prototype model
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
Problem solving
Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put one in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution.
Subgoals
Strategies—including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions—that guarantee a solution to a problem.
Algorithms
Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.
Heuristics
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing’s usual functions.
Functional fixedness
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.
Reasoning
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations.
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance.
Deductive reasoning
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.
Decision Making
The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to attempting to acquire gains.
Loss aversion
The tendency to search for and use information that supports one’s ideas rather than refutes them.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome.
Hindsight bias
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
Availability heuristic
The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information.
Base rate neglect
The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.
Representativeness heuristic
The state of being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities.
Mindfulness
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem.
Divergent Thinking
All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
Intelligence
The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment
Validity
