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NYCC Systems Phys > Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

at what phase is the heart relaxed and filling with blood?

A

diastole

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2
Q

what event marks the beginning of diastole?

A

AV opens

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3
Q

what are the 3 stages of diastole called, in order?

A

(after isovolumic relaxation)
1. rapid inflow
2. diastasis
3. atrial systole

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4
Q

what occurs during rapid inflow?

A
  • AV valve open: ventricle is filled with blood from atria
  • atrial volume & pressure drop
  • ventricular volume & pressure increase
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5
Q

what occurs during diastasis?

A

(reduced filling)
AV valves still open: ventricular volume & pressure slowly increase

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6
Q

what occurs during atrial systole?

A
  • atria contract (a-wave) -> push last 20% blood into ventricle
  • increased ventricular pressure closes AV valve (S1)
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7
Q

what event marks the end of diastole?

A

AV valve closes

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8
Q

what must happen in order for the aortic valve to open?

A

overcome diastolic pressure

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9
Q

what phase occurs after the AV valve closes?

A

isovolumic contraction

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10
Q

what occurs during isovolumic contraction?

A
  • atria relax (c-wave)
  • ventricle contracts
  • ventricular volume constant (no blood ejected)
  • ventricular pressure increases
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11
Q

what event marks the end of isovolumic contraction?

A

aortic valve opens

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12
Q

what occurs during the ejection stage of systole?

A
  • aortic valve is open
  • ventricle contracts -> blood ejected from heart (ventricular volume decreases)
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13
Q

what event marks the end of systole?

A

aortic valve closes

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14
Q

what occurs when the aortic valve closes?

A

isovolumic relaxation

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15
Q

what occurs during isovolumic relaxation?

A
  • aortic valve closes (S2)
  • AV valve still closed = no change in ventricular volume
  • ventricular pressure decreases
  • slow flow of blood into atria (v-wave)
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16
Q

what marks the end of isovolumic relaxation?

A

atrial pressure > ventricular pressure = AV valve opens

17
Q

in the atrial pressure curve, what does the a-wave represent and when does it occur?

A
  • atrial contraction
  • diastole: atrial systole
18
Q

in the atrial pressure curve, what does the c-wave represent and when does it occur?

A
  • ventricular contraction: AV valve bulges as ventricular P increases
  • isovolumic contraction
19
Q

in the atrial pressure curve, what does the v-wave represent and when does it occur?

A
  • slow flow of blood into atria while AV valve closed
  • isovolumic relaxation
20
Q

why is atrial pressure always close to 0?

A

atria is a vein

21
Q

what does the first heart sound (S1) represent?

A

AV valve closing (end of diastole)

22
Q

what does the second heart sound (S2) represent?

A

aortic valve closing (end of systole)

23
Q

what causes a potential third heart sound?

A

rapid filling of ventricles

24
Q

what causes flaccid contraction of the heart?

A

excess serum K+ or low Ca++

25
Q

what causes spastic contraction of the heart?

A

excess serum Ca++

26
Q

what does the P wave in an ECG represent?

A

atrial depolarization

27
Q

what does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

28
Q

what event is “covered up” by the QRS complex?

A

atrial repolarization

29
Q

what does the T wave in an ECG represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

30
Q

at what phase does the heart receive blood supply (epicardial flow)?

A

diastole

31
Q

what cellular event occurs during the rising phase of cardiac action potential?

A

voltage-gated fast Na+ and slow Ca++ channels open (both in)

32
Q

what cellular event occurs during the plateau phase of cardiac action potential?

A

Ca++ activated Ca++ release from SR via ryanodine receptor

33
Q

what cellular event occurs during the falling phase of cardiac action potential?

A

K+ channels open (out)

34
Q

what controls the RMP of cardiac muscle?

A

Na/K ATPase pump and Na/Ca antiporter

35
Q

in which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is K+ permeability the highest?

A

3 (falling phase)
(K+ permeability of ventricle greatly increases, causing more negative membrane potential)

36
Q

the AV valve is also known as the ____ valve

A

mitral

NYCC Systems Phys (42 decks)

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