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NYCC Systems Phys > Absorption > Flashcards

Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

nervous innervation of absorption occurs via the ____

A

Meissner’s Plexus (Submucosal plexus)

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2
Q

function of Meissner’s Plexus (submucosal plexus)

A

allow for secretion of digestive enzymes required for absorption of nutrients

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3
Q

innervations of mouth

A

CN V, VII, IX, X

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4
Q

primary function of mouth

A

mechanical breakdown (mastication/chewing)

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5
Q

surface area of food in the mouth will be ____

A

increased

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6
Q

what nutrients are digested in the mouth?

A

carbohydrates
fats

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7
Q

what is the function of amylase?

A

digests starch (amylose) to maltose in the mouth

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8
Q

what is the function of salivary lipase?

A

digests triacylglycerols to glycerol + FAs in the mouth

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9
Q

what foods require chewing for digestion?

A

vegetables (plants)

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10
Q

what are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal

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11
Q

voluntary stage of swallowing

A

starts the swallowing process

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12
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • close off trachea: inhibit breathing and approximate vocal cords
  • upper sphincter relaxes, peristalsis begins: pass food further down esophagus
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13
Q

esophageal phase of swallowing

A

final movement of food before stomach

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14
Q

patients with CN injury will have an extremely hard time completing what phase of swallowing?

A

pharyngeal
(IX + X swallowing reflex)

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15
Q

the upper 1/3 of the esophagus contains ____ muscle and has a ____ contraction

A

striated skeletal
strong

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16
Q

the lower 2/3 of the esophagus contains ____ muscle and has a ____ contraction

A

smooth
weaker

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17
Q

what are the 2 major types of peristalsis?

A

primary & secondary

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18
Q

primary peristalsis

A
  • initiated by medulla
  • affects striated muscle (upper 1/3)
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19
Q

secondary peristalsis

A
  • initiated by enteric system
  • affects smooth muscle (lower 2/3 & upper esophageal sphincter)
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20
Q

the general anatomy of the stomach allows for ____ movements by the ____

A

mixing movements by the high pressure antral pump

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21
Q

what nutrients are digested in the stomach?

A

proteins
fats

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22
Q

function of pepsin

A

converts proteins to peptides in the stomach (active at pH2)

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23
Q

function of gastric lipase

A

digests triacylglycerols to glycerol + FAs in the stomach

24
Q

directly after a meal, the volume of food in the stomach ____

A

increases

25
Q

what stimulates the myenteric reflex?

A
  • increased gastric volume reduces available space for additional food
  • outward pressure of food stimulates myenteric reflex
26
Q

what is the function of the myenteric reflex?

A
  • increase rate of emptying in the stomach
  • release gastrin
27
Q

the common bile duct enters the ____ of the small intestine through the ____

A

duododenum
sphincter of Oddi

28
Q

function of sphincter of Oddi

A

allows both bile & pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

29
Q

when fatty chyme and amino acids from the stomach enter the duodenum, the hormone ____ is released

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

30
Q

actions of cholecystokinin

A
  1. relax (opens) sphincter of Oddi
  2. cause release of pancreatic enzymes
  3. contract gallbladder to release bile, necessary for action of pancreatic lipase
  4. Decrease gastric emptying
  5. cause brain to feel satiated
31
Q

nutrients absorbed in the jejunum

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

32
Q

proteins enter the portal blood as ____

A

amino acids

33
Q

carbohydrates enter the portal blood as ____

A

monosaccharides

34
Q

fats enter the ____ as ____

A

lymph
chylomicrons containing TAGs

35
Q

function of dipeptidase & tripeptidase

A

proteins in jejunum -> AAs in portal blood

36
Q

function of disaccharidases

A

carbohydrates in jejunum -> monosaccharides in portal blood

37
Q

surface area of the jejunum is increased by ____

A

villi and microvilli

38
Q

what happens to blood flow to the villi of the small intestine when food arrives?

A

increases (8x)

39
Q

what happens when blood flow to the villi of the small intestine is increased?

A

increased absorption and contraction of smooth muscle at appropriate rate

40
Q

what 2 factors could increase blood flow to villi of the small intestine?

A
  1. arrival of food
  2. increased GI secretions
41
Q

decrease in blood flow to the GI tract is usually associated with ____

A

sympathetic stimulation

42
Q

what is ischemia?

A

reduced blood flow to an area of the body

43
Q

what part of the GI tract is particularly sensitive to ischemia?

A

villi of SI

44
Q

what is the effect of ischemia on the GI tract?

A

decreased rate of absorption in that area of the gut

45
Q

where is vitamin B12 absorbed, and what is required for its absorption?

A

ileum & ileocecal valve
intrinsic factor

46
Q

function of ileocecal valve

A
  • prevent backflow from LI to SI
  • promote emptying into colon when stimulated (backup = pathOLogy)
47
Q

primary function of large intestine

A

absorption of water & electrolytes
(some vitamins produced by bacteria & absorbed: vitamin K, biotin)

48
Q

what is the surface specialization of the large intestine?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn
(no villi)

49
Q

mucus secretion mostly occurs in the ____

A

large intestine

50
Q

what is the goal of mass movements?

A

push food through the LI, from transverse colon to rectum

51
Q

what reflexes initiate mass movements?

A

gastrocolic
duodenocolic
(ENS and ANS both involved)

52
Q

function of mixing movements in the Large intestine?

A

mix chyme -> helps with electrolyte absorption

53
Q

what are the 3 levels of control of the rectum & anus?

A
  1. intrinsic
  2. spinal cord reflex
  3. high center (medulla)
54
Q

intrinsic control of rectum & anus

A

enteric nervous system which is activated by presence of feces entering rectum

55
Q

spinal cord innervation of rectum & anus

A

S2, S3, S4

56
Q

control of rectum & anus by medulla

A

efferent signals from brain down spinal cord to local level of innervation

57
Q

internal anal sphincter is under ____ control, while the external anal sphincter is under ____ control

A

autonomic
voluntary

NYCC Systems Phys (42 decks)

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